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Supreme appeal EssayMarbury v. Madison(1803) Judicial brush up In 1801, Justice William Marbury was to become received a commission from President Adams, only when Secretary of province James Madison refused to is work the commission. Chief Justice Marshall express that the Judiciary Act of 1789, which was the creation for Marburys claim, conflicted with Article III of the Constitution. Marbury did non receive the commission. This case determined that the Supreme Court and not the states would have the ultimate word on whether an issue was in violation of the Constitution.The Supreme Court judged that when the state of gallium rescinded a land grant it was unconstitutional since it revoked the secures already granted in the contract. This was the first case to withstand a state law in violation of the Constitution. . Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) Contracts and area law The fresh Hampshire legislature amend the original charter of the college, which had been in place since 1769, to make the college more accessible to the public. The problem was that the legislature acted without mention with the college trustee.The Supreme Court ruled that the original charter was inviolable as the charter was a contract. This conclusion led to a streng indeeding of property rights against state abridgement. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Implied big businessmans James Madison created a national bank, The state of Maryland believed this was an intrusion into states rights and attempted to tax the bank. James McCullough, who worked at the bank, refused to pay the state taxes because he believed the state had no right to tax a national bank. Marshall stated. That the bank was incompliance with the constitution and could not be subjected to state taxes.This case established the rule that states could not tax an institution of the federal goernance. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) interstate avocation Act issue was the right to carry passengers along a canal fro m New York to New Jersey. The state of New York had granted Aaron Ogden the exclusive right. The federal disposal issued a license to Thomas Gibbons for the alike route. On appeal the case went to the Supreme Court aft(prenominal) Ogden sued Gibbons and won. The Supreme Court decided that Gibbons was right and that states cannot stop Congress regulating interstate commerce.This was a landmark case because it established federal bureau over the states. This became the ass of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Cherokee Nation v. The State of Georgia (1831) State law and Indians The Cherokee Indians had been factory farm the land in the western part of the state and had established their own government. The Georgians passed laws and tried to have the Cherokee government declared null and void. The Cherokee nation brought the suit to the Supreme Court on the grounds that the Cherokee nation was a foreign entity and therefore the state of Georgia had no rights.Marshall knew that if he r uled in upgrade of the Indians, President Jackson would not enforce the ruling. So Marshall ruled that the Cherokee nation did not name a foreign nation. Thus the Supreme Court had no jurisdiction over the Cherokee nation. Worcester v. Georgia (1832) State law and Indians in Worcester v. Georgia John Marshall invalidated a Georgia law concerning entering into the Cherokee nation. In this case Worcester, a missionary, sued on the grounds that the state had no right to control some(prenominal) aspect of the Cherokee nation as this would fall within the powers of the federal government.This was just one more event of the Marshall Court increasing power for the federal government over state governments. The Marshall royal court attempted to protect the property rights of the Indians. Unfortunately, even Marshall was unable to keep the Indians from continually being labored off their land. . Scott v. Sanford (1857) Citizenship and Slavery Dred Scott was the slave of an army doctor . The doctor had lived in rid states and in free territories, but had returned to Missouri, a slave state, before his death. Scott sued the doctors wife for his freedom on the basis that in a free state he had been free.The Supreme Court decided that Congress had no power to forbid slaveholding in the territories. They also said that as a slave, Scott was not a citizen and was not eligible to sue in a federal court. This decision annulled the Missouri Compromise and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The case centered on 3 issues a) Was Dred Scott a citizen? b) Could Congress prohibit slavery in the territories? c) If a slave was property, then shouldnt Sanford be paying(a)? Scott and his family did win their freedom because Scotts new owner was the widows brother and a known abolitionist.This case was never about(predicate) the freedom of Dred Scott but about the future expansion of slavery into the territories. Texas v. White(1869) Legality of Confede target giving medication Policies A fter the Civil War the reconstruction government of the state of Texas brought suit to regain state-owned securities, which had been sold by the Confederate state legislators during the war. The defense claimed that since Texas had not been restored to the Union there were no grounds for a federal court case. Chief Justice Salmon P. interest maintained that since secession was il sanctioned, Texas had never left the Union.Chase said the Confederate government of the state had been unlawful so all acts carried out by the government were null and void. Therefore the state was authorise to recover the securities. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Separate but correspond Homer Plessy was arrested in Louisiana for riding in a whites-only railroad car. Plessy, who was one-eighth African American, appealed on the basis of the equal protection article of the Fourteenth Amendment. The court said that so long as the facilities were equal then it was legal to racially separate.This became the impet us for segregation across the south. Swift and Company v.United States (1905) Defining interstate Commerce. Swift claimed to be participating in business that was intrastate and not interstate, which he added, meant the interstate commerce act did not apply to his business. The court agreed unanimously that this was not the case and Swift was hard to create a monopoly. Armed with the Sherman Antitrust Act, Oliver Wendell Holmes said the company had a current of commerce among states. hit v. Oregon (1917) Government Enforcement of 10-Hour Work solar day. In 1913 Oregon established a 10-hour workday for all men and women in mills or manufacturing industries.Any work beyond the ten hours was payable at a rate of time -and-a-half. Bunting, who owned a factory required his workers to work a 13 hour day and did not pay overtime. The Court was split on the issue and did not want to be seen as a regulator of prosecutes. Eventually the court decided that overtime pay did not constitute wa ge regulation. Schenck v. United States (1919) Freedom of Speech during Wartime. During World War I Charles Schenck had distributed pamphlets that said the draft was illegal. He was charged under the Espionage Act (1917).Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes rejected the argument that the pamphlets were protected by the free speech clause of the Constitution. Holmes told the court that freedom of speech could be suppressed if there is a clear and present danger, and since this happened during a time of war, there was such(prenominal) a circumstance. Korematsu v. United States (1944) Legality of Nipponese Internment during WWII In1942, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which required the forced relocation of over 100,000 Japanese-Americans to relocation camps.The Supreme Court ruled the relocation was illegal. In1988 these people, of whom many were citizens, received compensation. tL-94l.. . Brown v. Board of nurture of Topeka, Kan sas (1954) Equal protection Linda brown was denied admission to a local elementary school in Topeka, Kansas. The basis for her denial was that she was black. Chief Justice Earl Warren overruled the separate but equal doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson. He stated that the public schools violated the fourteenth amendment condition of equal protection under the law.The fightants claimed that the inferior conditions in discriminate schools hindered their development. After the ruling was made, the court declared that segregation must end. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Representation by advise Gideon was accused of a breaking into a poolroom in Florida but he had no financial mean to secure a defense. He requested a defense counsel but was refused and was forced to defend himself.The court returned a guilty verdict. This led to the Supreme Court ruling that all people were entitled to legal counsel regardless of their ability to pay for legal counsel. Heart of Atlanta Motel v.United States (1964) interstate commerce In 1964 Congress tried to pass the Civil Rights Act based on its power to regulate interstate commerce. Congress believed it had the right to ban discrimination in public accommodation and in employment. A motel owner challenged the law on the basis, that he had a local business which should not be considered interstate commerce.The Supreme Court ruled that since the business gained most of its income from interstate commerce thus, the business was likely to the rules of Article 1, section 8 of the Interstate Commerce Act. Wesberry v. Sanders (1964) one man tine vote This case dealt ith the allotment of congressional districts in Georgia. The voters of Georgias fifth congressional district, easily the largest district, believed that their representation was not as equal as that of other districts with less people. They argued that because the state legislators had failed to, realign the districts their vote was debased. The Supreme Court ruled that as m ore than as possible districts should be comparable in terms of population. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Rights in custody Ernesto Miranda a man who had not completed the ninth grade was arrested at his home in Arizona and identify as a suspect ina rape-kidnapping case.When he was questioned about the crime Miranda maintained he was innocent, but after two hours of interrogation he signed a confession. At the trial the confession was admitted as march and the court found Miranda guilty. The police acknowledged that Miranda had not been made aware. of his rights during the process nor had he had access to legal counsel. While the Miranda confession was given with relatively little pressure it still violated the constitutional requirements that governed such procedures. Inthis case, the Warren court ruled that the accused must be made aware of his or her rights from the beginning. roe v. Wade (1973) Right to Privacy During the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s the number of abort ions performed illegally was unbelievably high. Inits decision the Court struck down a Texas law that made it illegal to perform abortions unless the womans smell was risk. Jane Roe an unmarried mother wanted to terminate her pregnancy but she did not meet the inevitable requirements. The Court sided with Roe and said that a woman had a constitutional right to privacy that extend to cover a decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy. Bakke v.Board of Regents of California . (1977) Affirmative activeness In an attempt to get greater racial and ethnic diversity The University of California Medical give instruction at Davis created a special category for minority students. This was the first constitutional test for affirmative action. Bakke, a white student, was rejected by the university and filed a lawsuit alleging discrimination under the Civil Rights Act of 1965. The Court said the university can use special criteria to determine which students gained acceptance so lon g as it did not use a quota system.