Lobby Essay Example for Free

Lobby Essay The objectives of the architect 1- To cluster the public facilities- restaurants, lounges, conference rooms, front desk and so forth around the lobby, ensuring hotel guests can find the various facilities with a minimum difficulty. 2- Also when guests linger in it, the lobby in it, the lobby serves as an informal gathering space. It also functions as a control point with the staff visually over seeing access throughout the building. 3- Provide clear path to front desk, food and beverage, reservation, public relation officer through the lobby. 4- Make the front desk visible to entering guests. It should have sufficient space for check in / check out lines and have direct access to the front office. [pic] 2. 0 Profile of our hotel Le Royal Hotel is set on a superb location, tucked between Le Morne Mountain and one of Mauritius’ most beautiful beaches. It stretches itself on the spectacular Le Morne Peninsula, on the South-West tip of the island. This luxury hotel covers an impressive 150-hectare, bordered by 7 km of protected beaches and the largest lagoon of Mauritius. With a name that says it all, Le Royal Hotel positions itself as the ultimate 5-star resort in Mauritius. It offers 2 Spas and a total of 7 superb restaurants, with different cuisines and characteristics. The hotel also boasts a stylish collection of high-quality accommodation, including Junior and Senior Suites and 13 luxury seaside Villas featuring their private beaches. Le Royal Hotel also proposes a comprehensive array of land and water sports including diving and deep-sea fishing. [pic] 3. 0 What is a lobby? Every hotel, regardless of its size, must have a public lobby. The size of the lobby is largely determined by the number of guest rooms as well as by the type of hotel that is on the architect’s drawing boards. It goes without saying that the larger the hotel, the larger the lobby. The lobby will also have to be larger in a resort or convenient hotel. A resort hotel will require a large lobby because guests will congregate there in the evening. A hotel catering to conventions needs a large lobby because here again there is a constant gathering of conventioneers before they go off to lectures, seminars, meetings, luncheons, and dinners. There is no rule of thumb to determine the size of a lobby. One must proceed by making a careful study of similar types of hotels and arrive at decisions after discussions with hotel operators and managers. A hotel lobby sets the mood for a hotel. This space, more than any other, will create the first and usually the most lasting impression. Furnishings, color, finishing materials, lighting, and decor must create the proper ambience regardless of whether the hotel is large or small, in a city or a resort, moderately priced or expensive. The interior designer plays a most vital part in planning and designing hotel lobbies. [pic] 4. 0 Plan of the lobby [pic] 5. 0 The functional areas of the lobby; 5. 1 Cyber Cafe There would be a cyber cafe located near the main restaurant. The guests will have access to the computers and Internet access is also available. The room is also composed with a fax a telecopy service that can help the guests from time to time. [pic] 5. 2 Luggage Room It is where we put the cases and the belongings of the guests after their arrival to the hotel. The baggages will be put there and shortly after that the guests have completed the formalities it will be out to the respective guests’ rooms. The luggage compartment is not so big; it occupies a small space only. [pic] 5. 3 Lounge It is the sitting area. The lounge is near the front office and face to the main entrance. It is divided into two sections where the guests and employees can provide services to the latter more easily. The lounge is also composed with some plants just to give a sense of relaxation in the hotel. [pic] 5. 4 The back offices The back offices are mainly composed of the Sales Marketing department, the Reservation office department, Administration department and the Front Office department. All these departments are located at the back of the Front Office found in the lobby. There will be a corridor with the door for staff entrance close to the Front Office desk. The guests won’t have access to the back of the house area of the hotel. [pic] 5. 5 Main Entrance The main entrance of the lobby will have a width of approximately 5-6 meters where it will make circulation a lot more comfortable. The main entrance has also been built by taking into consideration disable persons; a special floor is made available to those people. [pic] 5. 6 Administration office Office Administration is a set of day-to-day activities related to financial planning, billing and recordkeeping, personnel, and physical distribution and logistics, within a business. Administrative functions Administrators, broadly speaking, engage in a common set of functions to meet the organizations goals. †¢ Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and who should do it. It maps the path from where the organization is to where it wants to be. The planning function involves establishing goals and arranging them in logical order. Administrators engage in both short-range and long-range planning. †¢ Organizing involves identifying responsibilities to be performed, grouping responsibilities into departments or divisions, and specifying organizational relationships. The purpose is to achieve coordinated effort among all the elements in the organization. Organizing must take into account delegation of authority and responsibility and span of control within supervisory units. †¢ Staffing means filling job positions with the right people at the right time. It involves determining staffing needs, writing job descriptions, recruiting and screening people to fill the positions. †¢ Directing is leading people in a manner that achieves the goals of the organization. This involves proper allocation of resources and providing an effective support system. Directing requires exceptional interpersonal skills and the ability to motivate people. One of the crucial issues in directing is to find the correct balance between emphasis on staff needs and emphasis on production. †¢ Controlling is the function that evaluates quality in all areas and detects potential or actual deviations from the organizations plan. This functions purpose is to ensure high-quality performance and satisfactory results while maintaining an orderly and problem-free environment. Controlling includes information management, measurement of performance, and institution of corrective actions. Budgeting, exempted from the list above, incorporates most of the administrative functions, beginning with the implementation of a budget plan through the application of budget controls. 5. 7 Lifts Lifts are expensive. They should be wider than they are deep to facilitate entry. Tough surfaces are required to resist damage by baggage. The main lift bank must be visible on ente ring the reception area. Specialist design of the lift system may be necessary. Additional service lifts may also be required for housekeeping and room service. There are often one or two service lifts to every three guests’ lifts, and these open onto service lobbies on each floor. At least one lift should be large enough to take furniture such as bed or bath, or a stretcher case as accidents and illness occur in hotels, and it may be preferable not to use the public areas in such event. [pic] 5. 8 Stairs Staircase design is dictated by fire escape requirements. The main stairs should be beside the lift bank to enable guests to find them easily, with secondary stairs at the end of each corridor. Some ramps may be required for guests using wheelchairs. [pic] 5. 9 Concierge The concierge counter is located at the right of the entrance. The counter is normally occupied by one person; therefore there is no need for a large desk. The concierge counter has drawers for keys, message indicator panels, and the wake up system, brochure holders, and the stationery drawer. A concierge is somebody who works at the concierge counter and very often has great contacts and can make things happen that the guest might not be able to do. For example, if the guest needs theater tickets, or if the guest needs a reservation at an exclusive restaurant, often a hotel concierge can use his or her contacts and make those things happen. They can also do some fairly ordinary things too, for example, helping the guest print out a boarding pass or helping the guest with flight arrangements, but theyre great at doing things that just seem impossible. In a nutshell, the concierge is there to satisfy the needs of the guest. [pic] 5. 10 The public relation counter The public relation counter is located at the left of the entrance. This enables the guest relation officers to quickly reach the guests as they enter the lobby and this facilitates the work of both the public relation officers and the guests. The public relation counter is enhanced with lightings and plants. This counter has been set up so as the queries of the guests can be satisfied. The public relation officer can be asked to organize a wedding, therefore he has to make suitable arrangements concerning the wedding and if additional requirement is needed. [pic] 5. 11 Reception Reception areas should provide a clear introduction to the building, with straightforward unobstructed routes to the enquiry desk, lift, stairs and waiting area. A screened telephone point is helpful, especially in buildings where visitors will need to call taxis or waiting colleagues. The reception of our hotel is located at the right of the entrance. The reception is enhanced by lightings and this contributes to the esthetics aspects of the reception. The reception desk is large enough so as to be able to accommodate the different working stationeries and office tools; the computer, printer, credit/debit card transactions, telephones. There is enough space at the reception to allow paper work to be carried out comfortably, to cater many guests at a time and to allow the employees to move comfortably. [pic] 5. 12 The Water Fountain For most consumers, indoor fountains are decorative water features that simply look good as lifestyle furnishing items in traditional or contemporary homes. The benefit of flowing water is maintaining a balanced, healthy and serene environment. Given that they moisturize the atmosphere in air-conditioned rooms or buildings, relieve stress in pressured lives and are a powerful form of relaxation therapy for hyperactive children, insomniacs, and those living with noisy neighbors or busy roads Water features add an element of natural energy and serenity to any environment. Fountains designers and their clients are increasingly choosing water features as a compelling, cost effective way to distinguish and differentiate their work and home environment. [pic] 5. 13 Information desk The information desk is located at the left of the entrance. This is the desk where the different tour operators would be present and allowing them to be within the reach of the guests. Tourists can get different magazines from which they can get information about the hotel’s surroundings and some places of interest. The tour operators can guide them whenever they have any problems or questions pic] 5. 14 The Main Restaurant â€Å"La Belle Vue† is the main restaurant of the hotel. The name of the restaurant has been chosen in relation to its location which faces the sea. Guests have the opportunity to admire the blue lagoon every time they are having their meal. The atrium area is treated casually, with brick paving and tables with cloth runners in a low-ceilinged interior space. The intermediate zone is more formal, and the â€Å"interior section includes leather banquettes, table linen, lower lighting levels and such additional accessories such as artwork. It is also an exhibition cooking area where the chef is visible. Guests like to see who is preparing their meals. This design also brings chefs out of the kitchen. The restaurant will offer different moods for breakfast or dinner, for family groups or couples and for informal meals or special-occasion dinners. [pic] 5. 15 The Main Bar The â€Å"Skipper’s Deck† is the main bar of the hotel. It is close to the main restaurant as it provides easy accessibility to guests. The bar is very spacious with seating all around it and can accommodate around 75 guests. The bar also faces the sea and guests are able to admire the seaside as well as the sunset in the evening. A variety of alcoholic and non alcoholic drinks are made available to guests. There are the classic cocktails as well as the exotic ones prepared by the barman. The bar is in an open space which makes it really accessible to guests who can spend their day relaxing there. There is also a corner where artists make their representations at night to improve the overall atmosphere. [pic] 5. 16 Tourist shops Tourist shops provide a space where guests can do their shopping with souvenirs, clothes, artifacts†¦ at hand. In the tourist shops, one can have Mauritian handicrafts and souvenirs and also the guests have access to useful stationary that can be use to send post cards to relatives and friends during their holidays. [pic] 5. 17 The Patio Patios are typically made of concrete or stone slabs laid over a firm base. This base is often formed of a layer of compacted hardcore, a layer of sharp sand, and a layer of cement mortar. The firmness and stability of the base is essential to the robustness of the top layer of slabs an infirm base will typically result in cracked slabs. Patios that hold a lot of weight, such as driveways, require stronger foundations than those that are designed for light use. A patio is an outdoor space generally used for dining or recreation that often adjoins a residence. The patio of our hotel is found near the main bar and is on a terrace from which the guests can have a sea-side view. For the decoration we have covered the concrete floor with teak wood. The guests can relax and have their food in the open area. [pic] 5. 18 The Coffee shop Coffee shops focus on providing coffee and tea as well as light snacks. The coffee shop is mainly used by tourists who are both waiting to check in or check out and is available on a 24hr basis. The coffee shop provides a rapid service and it can be used as a place for relaxation. [pic] 6. 0 Materials and decorations The materials which have been used in the designing of the lobby have been meticulously chosen. The materials are durable and particularly esthetic for the lobby. They have also been chosen in accordance with the theme of the hotel which is a tropical style. Durable materials are indeed very costly but however, they can resist and maintain them with the high traffic, impact and scrapping. Tropical style Tropical chic is one of the most popular looks today. It includes comfort, warmth, and a touch of the exotic, using jungle themes, restful colors, and natural textural elements. Its a style that has fresh appeal with touches of traditional. This is not the multi-colored jungle look you might choose for a childs room. It mixes lots of texture and intricate pattern with simple details and a few large accessories. Common motifs include stylized palm trees, large leafed banana plants, monkeys, animal prints, rattan, leather, and grass cloth. Here are some of the underlying elements and themes of a tropical look of our lobby. Colors This tropical palette is influenced by palm trees and sunny skies. Other palettes may include brighter hues reflecting the culture and history of the region. A Balinese interior will have deeper, richer colors. Furniture and Finishes Exotic hardwoods like teak, rosewood and â€Å"koa† are used for furniture. Natural materials like cane, sea grass, water hyacinth, banana leaf and rattan are woven to form chairs, sofas and tables and a myriad of accents. Fabrics Look for prints that feature palm trees and their far-reaching fronds and tropical plants with vivid, beautiful blooms like hibiscus, anthurium, orchid and Bird of Paradise. For a more refined look incorporate Thai silks and floral-printed linen. Art and Accessories Look to the beach for inspiration and find ways to incorporate them into the room. Tropical plants set in wicker planters, shells displayed in jars or shadow boxes and baskets, mats and rugs made of natural materials like rattan and sea grass will all infuse the room with a warm-weather attitude.

Health Care Museum Essay Example for Free

Health Care Museum Essay HEALTH CARE MUSEUM The Health Care Museum exhibit is to acknowledgment the five most significant developments in the evolution of healthcare in the United States. Over the years weve seen a rapid growth in the Health Care industry thats both good and bad. After my research there are several areas I would like to portray for my exhibit debut. The five most significant developments are The Insured, the Underinsured, the Uninsured, Medications, Prevention, Technology and Health Care Delivery. EXHIBIT A: The Insured, the Underinsured, the Uninsured Insurance plays a huge part of healthcare development over the years. We have laws in place to help patients who are insured, underinsured and uninsured to received treatments. There a lot of people who struggle to keep up with the increasing costs of health care insurance, but there are plan thats affordable to cover their medical expenses. The impact insurance has in United States is really big because the number of people without health care has increased. The establishing future in Health Care insurance remains uncertain because many people today still dont have health insurance. I do believe that the health care reform will help in that case, but it may take some time to see the results. EXHIBIT B: Medications Medications play a very big important role into the development of the Health Care Industry. With the advancement of medication we have seen a momentous decrease in the number of people that were hospitalized or caused death because they did not acquired the proper medication. Science is the main reason why we are so ahead in medicine, advances in medical science help protect most diseases from spreading. Medicines can cure, preclude, or even stop an outbreak or a virus. The most notable development of medicine is that it comes in many different shapes and size. One can take medicine in a use of a pill, liquid such as syrup and exercise is a form of medication. . EXHIBIT C: Prevention Prevention has to be the most important development thus far because if we dont have any control over transferrable diseases from spreading Ebola, then we all are at risk of an epidemic of disease thats infectious. Around the world we have community associates and health care providers thats willing to educate the public about the importance and the consequences of a transmittable disease. We all have been working together to prevent the spreading of dangerous disease. Some of the simple task we can do to prevent spreading disease is as simple as washing your hands constantly. EXHIBIT D: Technology If it wasnt for technology the United State Health Care System wouldnt be as great as it is today. Technology has a great impact in all of the different health fields in the industry. Since technology is improving constantly the possibilities are endless as to what we can use it for. The most important part in regards to technology in Health Care is the ability to obtain very important medical information. Many different departments in the healthcare field are using technology a lot of different ways. The most common use is to reach out to the broader populations, connect with patients virtually, and most importantly public awareness. EXHIBIT E: Health Care Delivery Reforming our health care delivery system to improve the quality and value of care is essential to address escalating costs, poor quality, and increasing numbers of Americans without health insurance coverage. Reforms should improve access to the right care at the right time in the right setting. They should keep people healthy and prevent common, avoidable complications of illnesses to the greatest extent possible. Thoughtfully constructed reforms would support greater access to health-improving care in contrast to the current system, which encourages more tests, procedures, and treatments that are at best unnecessary and at worst harmful. In conclusion, as we all know the health care industry has grown drastically over the years. The five most significant developments is not only important factors in the health care field, but theyre also important in todays society. For example, The Insured, the Underinsured, the Uninsured plays a huge part in todays world because of the sky rocking health cost and the fact that not everyone can afford it. Medications are also very important since we all want to feel better when we are ill. References Access to Health Care Coalition (2001). Closing the gap: Improving access to health care in Michigan. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan. Retrieved October 13, 2014 from http://bcbsm.com/blues/pdf/access_to_hc.pdf American Hospital Association (1997). Hospital statistics: A comprehensive summary of U. S. hospitals. Chicago, IL: Author. Institute for the Future (2000). Health and health care 2010: The forecast, the challenge. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Health Statistics. Health U.S. 2010: With Special features on death and dying. Hyattsville MD:CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2014

Why African Metallurgy Is Important History Essay

Why African Metallurgy Is Important History Essay Metallurgy is the study of metalworking from all of its aspects. In other words, it is the art of working metals (Darvill 2008, 278). Geologically, Africa is known for its promising supplies of metals. Various kinds of metals, such as copper, iron, gold, tin, uranium, manganese, cobalt, bauxite, and the likes are found almost everywhere throughout the African continent in many different settings geographically (Holl 2000,1). Generally, the study of African metallurgy is important as metalworking has brought about the greatest significance that some of the African continents have ever experienced in terms of their cultural and social development. African metallurgy was said to have later given life to the Industrial Revolution around 1,500 to 2,000 years ago when the Africans living on the Western shores of Lake Victoria, in Tanzania, produced carbon steel (http://www.africaresource.com/rasta/sesostris-the-great-the-egyptian-hercules/african-metallurgy-by-nordine-aka-storm/). In the past, some of the metals in Africa were exploited which then resulted in the rise of some of the most impressive indigenous African states, while others have been utilized only recently, as participants in the modernization and industrialization of a handful of countries at the southern end of the continent (Holl 2000, 1). An example of exploitation in metals found during the pre-colonial times in Africa can be seen in the Shaba province of the Congo where copper belt was intensively worked, and also in the adjacent district of Zambia, along with the gold fields of South Africa and Zimbabwe (Holl 2000, 1). In eastern Cameroon and the western Centr al African Republic as well as in the Poura region in Burkina-Faso (Kiethega 1983), traditional gold mining was carried out. On the Bauchi plateau, tin mining was set up. Eventually, the renowned Nok Culture was discovered as a result of the reopening of these mines (Holl 2000, 1). During the periods of Pharaonic, Kushite and later, exploitations were seen at the gold mines from the Red Sea hills and Nubia. In the west at Bure, Galam, Sanakalan, and Bambuk, the gold mines were the key to prosperity of the Ghana and Mali kings. The rise of the Zambezian states in the early second millennium A.D was the result of the early gold mining and trade as well as the changing patterns of production in Zimbabwe (Holl 2000, 1). Both iron and copper working provided a more widespread evidence of African metallurgy. These particular types of metalworking is suggested to be found almost everywhere in the western, central, eastern and southern parts of the continents. Archaeological, historical and ethno-historical information all suggest that the exploitation of these metals was an integral part of the fabric of African societies in the past (Holl 2000, 1-2). Archaeological investigations was carried out throughout inter-tropical Africa over the past three decades and it has resulted in the unearthing of a varied and extensive evidence of early iron production (Holl 2000, 2). The introduction of iron working was said to be an important turning point in Old World history, and this applies specifically in sub-Saharan Africa (Barros 2000, 147). The reason for this was because, in sub-Saharan Africa, iron working (as well as copper working) technology or tools obtained through trade (Miller and van der Merwe 1994, 1) had brought many stone-using cultures directly into the Metal Age (Barros 2000, 147). As scholars have suggested, this had led to the increase in food production through more efficient bush clearance, weeding and harvesting, causing higher population densities; larger and more stable village communities; increased specialization, trade, and social differentiation; and the appearance of a settlement hierarchy and more complex forms of political organization (Barros 2000, 147). The origins of African iron metallurgy have always been an issue that is often a dispute amongst archaeologists. It was known that the vast scale of the African continents as well as the barriers in the politics and cultures had aroused difficulties in the findings of a good evidence database to dissolve the dispute. Iron was believed to have been the first metal to appear in the archaeological records (Childs and Killick 1993, 320). Radiocarbon dates has shown that the iron smelting furnaces dated to the interval 500-1000 cal. BC in Nigeria, Niger, Tanzania and Rwanda (Childs and Killick 1993, 320). However, these dates were known to have created a further debate on the origins of African ironworking. A few oppositional voices had argued that ironworking has been invented independently in sub-Saharan Africa (Andah 1979; Schmidt and Avery 1983) (Childs et al. 2005, 278). It might be possible as the process had originated from the smelting methods which are already in used in Africa to make copper. Iron oxides were said to have been used as a soldering aid in the process of smelting copper and with some experimentation, the process then accidentally resulted in iron production, which then developed into iron smelting. In some regions, copper was found to have been smelted first but evidence of it appears to be relatively low, where only the remaining slag was found. This may be due to the inefficient methods of production. Some archaeologists had argued that the iron working techniques might have been brought by the surrounding countries into the continent through diffusion (Okafor 1993, 432). The routes used for this process was suggested to be either running south to west from Meroe on the Nubian Isle (Childs et al. 2005, 278). There are also some which was believed to have come from Egypt and then the methods scattered from the north to the sub-Saharan Africa. Iron production took quite a period of time to spread due to the massive size of the African continent which has an extreme geographical context. This resulted in the suggestions that iron had a various place of birth. The wide distribution of iron ores geologically had meant that the raw materials were readily available resulting in great potential for multiple origins of production. Archaeological evidence, including production methods used in present Africa, it seemed unlikely that the traditions and techniques could be so diversified for i t has all began from one place and one technique (Holl 2000, 9). An example can be seen from a site called the Termit Mountains, in eastern Niger. Copper and iron artefacts were found and they dated back to as far as ca. 1500 BC and the smelting furnaces dated to ca. 800 BC (Childs et al. 2005, 278). There is still an ongoing debate on whether these evidences had suggested that the community had imported these objects before producing it themselves, or, it was simply because the earlier furnaces did not survive the archaeological record instead the artefacts did (Childs et al. 2005, 278). It is also important to bring into consideration that iron working techniques were kept closely guarded secrets as this factor may influence the period it took for the Africans to be able to require the technique. Iron artefacts found in the field are often the basic evidence of iron production in the archaeological records. These artefacts are often in a corroded condition and at times could be unidentifiable. It is often unreliable to base the origin of the context to that of the artefact as where it has been made might be completely different from where it was made, a possibility that it might be imported. Concrete evidence which are often found for iron production are the used bowl of furnaces, and tuyeres and slag from the furnace or forging processes. Bloom and bellows are rare finds. Traces of mining and beneficiation of iron ore can also be used as archaeological evidence. However, these evidence could only be used if after the beneficiation, the ore has proceed to the next production level; and mining evidence are often lost as a result of recent iron ore mining. Slag analysis and radiocarbon dating the charcoal which were used to fire up the furnace was used for dating. Metallography and petrographic analysis are carried out on slag and charcoal samples in order to help understand the processes within the furnace (Kense and Okoro 1993, 449-450). Reconstruction of the iron smelting technology has been made by archaeologists as part of an important process in understanding the running of the ancient technology and to stimulate confidence that their impression of the methods used are correct. Apart from iron, copper and brass were the other metals which were widely utilized in Africa. The more widespread of iron over both copper and brass must have meant that iron had more favourable properties for different uses. The durability of iron over copper had meant that it was used to make various tools for farming pieces to weaponry. It was also used for enhancement in jewelleries, instruments and impressive pieces of artwork. Coins and currencies of multiple forms were made out of iron, such as the Kisi pennies, a traditional form of iron currency used in West Africa for trading. Kisi pennies are twisted iron rods which range from 30cm to 2m in length. They are suggested to be used in various forms of either marital transactions or simply conveniently shaped for transportation, melting down and reshaping it into another desired object. Africa has many different kinds of iron currencies, often regionally with varying shapes and values. In terms of quantity of use and production , iron had achieved a significantly high figure by comparison to other metals, but, it did not replace other materials such as stone and wooden tools. Figure 1 shows a 20th century iron West African Kisi Penny excavated from Kenema, Sierra Leone (Source: http://www.bmagic.org.uk/objects/1995C107) Iron production was recognized as having a great influence over Africa in great regional variation both culturally in trade and expansion, and socially in beliefs and rituals. Evidence for the cultural significance can be seen today as it is still carried out by the present varying African cultures. Ethnographical information has been most useful in the reconstruction of the past events surrounding iron production, but these reconstructions maybe become altered overtime and further influenced by anthropology. In Africa, the Iron Age was mainly based around the agricultural revolution which was driven by the use of iron tools. These iron tools had resulted in high efficient productions on a much larger scales. Fishing hooks, arrow heads and spears were used for hunting. Iron weapons also post effects on warfare. The productions of these items in line with the other iron goods had helped in stimulating economic activities, and led to the rise of both chiefdoms and states. The processes of producing iron were often controlled by the ironworkers personally, or a central power in larger societies such as states or kingdoms (Barros 2000, 154). Individuals in some societies had resulted as smelters or smiths, who specialize in just one particular skill from the many necessary to the production processes as a result of the demands for iron trade. This may also be possible to have resulted in some tradesmen specializing in iron transportation and trade (Barros 2000, 152). However, the iron product ion industries did not benefited every African region as some have suffered from environmental problems due to the massive deforestation needed for supplying charcoal for fuelling the smelting furnaces (Muhammed 1993, 466). An example of this can be seen from the ecological crisis of the Mema Region (Holl 2000, 48). Different social status distributes amongst iron smelters and smiths depending on their culture (Radimilahy 1993, 478-483). Some were having low status in the society as a result of the aspects of manual labour and associations with witchcrafts. These can be seen in the Maasai and Tuareg (Childs et al. 2005, 288). Whereas in other cultures, the skills are often hierarchical in the families and these individuals often held higher social status in the community. The communities often depended on these produced materials due to their powerful knowledge of iron working. They were believed to have strong supernatural powers in some communities as they were seen as highly as the king of chief. An example can be seen from the excavation in Great Lakes, Eastern Africa at the royal tomb of King Rugira, where two iron anvils were place at his head, suggesting importance and powerful significance (Childs et al. 2005, 288). According to some cultures, there are myths built up around the iron sme lter who emphasized their god like significance. As iron production developed widely across the African continent, it had significantly influenced the social rites in terms of beliefs and, particularly, rituals. The process of smelting was often done in isolation, away from the rest of the community. Ironworkers were ritually experts in encouraging good productions and to warn off bad spirits with songs and prayers, giving medicines as well as making sacrifices. The latter are often put in or buried underneath the furnace. An example of this can be seen during the early Iron Age in Tanzania and Rwanda (Schmidt 1997). Some cultures had used iron production as sexual symbolism. Smelting is suggested to be integrated with the fertility of the society, similar to the natural reproduction, production of bloom represented birth and conception. Many strict taboos were known to surround the process. Smelting processes were entirely carried out away from the village by the men. As for the women, any activities of touching of the materials or simply just being present could risk successful production. Having the men away from the fertile women had been suggested to have reduced the temptations which could otherwise depreciate the smelts productivity. The furnaces are often exaggeratedly decorated to represent an image of a woman, or the mother of the bloom (Collett 1993, 507). According to the late C. S. Smith (Smith 1981), the founder of historical metallurgy, has always insisted on the fact that metallurgy is above all an intellectual and social activity (Childs and Killick 1993, 33). The African community had used metals and various other materials such as glass, cloth and wood to express their views of the structure of nature and society, in ways as complex and diverse as the beliefs themselves; even the technology of smelting, constrained as it is by the invariant laws of thermodynamics, offers ample scope for the expression of beliefs about the order of things (Childs and Killick 1993, 33). Numerous African metallurgy scholars have been at the forefront of viewing technology as social process. Technology is not a monolithic force that is somehow separate from people, but is the product of complex ideology, careful negotiations and manipulations, and the vagaries of local resources (Childs and Killick 1993, 33). As a conclusion, African metallurgy, maybe considered to be of important to study because, not only does it include a comprehensive range of study of iron production across the African continent, but it also gives an understanding of how it influenced the aspects of archaeology in Africa. Iron production had given birth to extraordinary diversity in Africa which then had created advanced farming methods through tools, deadly warfare and trading of valuable items; and then on influenced the life of the Africans socially, culturally and politically. (2, 791 words)

The History Of Bowling Essay -- essays research papers fc

The sport of bowling has a lengthy history packed with an evolution that has comprehensive rules; and is an indoor activity that has become one of the most popular sports in the world. It can easily be said that over 50% of Americans have bowled once in their lifetime, whether it was for a birthday party or on a date. However, many people bowl routinely without knowing anything about the interesting history of the game. Oddly, one of the newest of professional sports, bowling is one of the most ancient. In one form or another bowling has been around for more than 7,000 and years. First traces of the sport were discovered in Egyptian tombs, but historians feel that cavemen may well have had been the originator. Having the first form of bowling using rocks or pebbles to toss at other rocks or pebbles. (Pezzano 13) The Romans, Phoenicians, and Carthaginians were also believed to have played the game in some fashion, but there is no proof available. However, historians know that in Julius Caesar’s time period, around 50 B.C., people in the Alpine regions of Italy played a game called â€Å"bocce,† which is considered the Italian form of bowling and is still played today. (Pezzano 13) The word bowl could be derived from the Saxon bolla and the Danish bolle, which translated to a spherical object. Another theory is that the word originated from the Latin bulla , or the French boule, both meaning â€Å"ball.† Bowling has been known by many different names: bowls, skittles, kegling, ninepins, Dutch pins and quilles. (Pezzano 13) According to ancient records, Germany’s first bowling took on a religious significance. In the early Christian era citizens carried stakes or clubs called kegles. They were used for many purposes, from beating through bushes to defense weapons against attackers. However in the Cathedral cloisters the kegle was set up to represent the devil. A person was then given a rock or some sort of ball with the task of knocking the kegle down. If the player hit the kegle, his life was considered â€Å"clean,† and had proved it by knocking off the devil (kegle). However if he missed, it indicated his aim not only in the game but in life needed improvement. (Pezzano 14) The game was supposedly so popular in fourteen-century England that the young men were skipping military duties in order to bowl; therefore, King Edward III passed a law to ban the sport. Also, other k... ...oyed by 95 million people in more than ninety countries worldwide. As one can see, the sport also has a lengthy history that is both interesting and filled with some speculation. The quick pace high-energy game is one of the most played sport in the U.S. today and will only continue to grow. Not only can one play the sport for fun, but join the professional tour and make upwards of a half a million dollars. Whether the sport originated with the caveman or with the Egyptians, one can say that the sport of bowling has touched the hearts of many. Works Cited Bellisimo, Lou. The Bowler's Manual. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1969. Bowling – The Original X Game. 1999. 28 April 2004. . "Bowling." The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. 15th ed. 2 vols. Chicago: Chicago Co., 1989. Brunswick. 1996. 20 April 2004 Burton Jr., Nelson. Bowling. New York: American Co., 1973. International Bowling Museum & Hall Of Fame. 2000. 1 May 2004 . PBA Tour. 2000. 23 April 2004 http://www.pba.com> Pezzano, Chuck.Guide To Better Bowling. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974. Seifert, Chuck. â€Å"Youth Bowling Action.† Bowling World. 1 March 2004: n. pag.

Valleyfair Essay -- Personal Narrative Amusement Parks Essays

Valleyfair â€Å"Come on, guys,† I yelled at my family, which consists of my mom Madonna, my father John, and my two sisters Alissa and Kara, as I ran frantically across the jam-packed parking lot to the opening gate that led to a world of adventure. As wide as the world around, my eyes pierced at the doorway to a world of fun. Families, of all sizes, were enjoying all the possibilities of fun. Hearing laughter and frightening screams, warned me of the experience waiting for me within the doorway to everlasting amazement. The sweet baked smell of funnel cakes swarmed into the fresh morning air. Before I knew it, my family and I were ready to enter Valleyfair, an amusement park that offers summertime fun to the maximum. As soon as I passed through the opening gate, all my worries and fears of the world drifted away. At Valleyfair, I was a different person, a person ready to experience extreme adventure. At a steady pace, my family and I began our adventure. Not far from the opening gate, I glanced at the first ride I was going to experience, the Cork Screw. The whole entire family was going to ride on the rollercoaster, even my sister Alissa who is terrified of coasters. As I walked up the narrow path that led to the Cork Screw, I could see that there was a large number of people waiting to get onto the ride. While waiting patiently to board the coaster, I gazed up in awe at the Cork Screw, one of the newer roller coasters, which sparkled high above our heads. Twirling hoops and loops were the main attraction of this roller coaster. Nevertheless, before I knew it, it was our turn to ride the Cork Screw. As soon as I entered onto the platform, I bolted towards the first car seat of the roller coaster. Following me slowl... ...reme adventure. â€Å"See you next year,† I thought to myself. I turned around and followed my family to our car. What a day I had had. Valley Fair offers me a day of no worries. Once I walk into the park, all my worries drift away. Whenever my family goes to Valley Fair, I let myself forget all my worries and fears for a day. I do not care what my future holds, but care only about what I am doing at that point in time. Valley Fair is my haven! As anyone can see, Valley Fair is a great place for families to experience summertime fun to the maximum. With over 75 rides and attractions, there is a ride for everyone to enjoy. Given that adventure comes by the minute at Valley Fair, a full day is needed to enjoy this park of adventure and thrill. So, the next time you are in the Minneapolis area, why not stop and spend a day at Valley Fair. You will not regret it!

Accepting the Extraordinary in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Essay

My life, although not without surprises and unusual events, is dictated by predictable and ordinary elements. However, through fiction I am transported into a world of boundless imagination and extraordinary themes. One such example is evident in my response to Mary Shelley’s gothic novel Frankenstein. Through fiction, Shelley invites the reader to accept the extraordinary. Firstly, we are led to believe that Victor Frankenstein is able to create life by shocking it with electricity, and to this I responded with an imaginative curiosity. But it was the consequences of the creation provoked a stronger response from me. The element of horror Victor experiences and his reaction to the ‘god like’ qualities bestowed upon him as creator is truly extraordinary. Victor, like no other man, experiences the feeling of immense power and responsibility as creator of man, and this provoked a sympathetic response from me. Finally I also accepted and responded to the extraordinar y concept of the monster, who, unlike to the majority of humanity, is created without a sense of cultural identity. Additionally, what is extraordinary to me as a reader is the humanity and intelligence the monster displays, despite the disadvantageous of his creation. This made me have sympathy for monster and served to blotch the credibility of Victor. Throughout the novel I was inclined to accept Shelley’s invitation and to explore a deeper view of humanity. The most apparent extraordinary element in Frankenstein is the concept of galvanic creation. Shelley invites us to believe that Victor can bestow life to the inanimate monster. This achieved by stressing the power and enticement (None but those who have experienced them can conceive of the enticement of science... ...ng the extraordinary I responded in favour of the monster and in disfavour of Victor. In her novel Frankenstein, Mary Shelley invites us as readers to accept the extraordinary. In accepting this invitation my response to the major characters in the novel, Victor and the monster, changed noticeably. Firstly I responded in favor of Victor, due to the extraordinary position he finds himself in as creator of man. But as the novel progressed I was invited to accept the extraordinary humanity of the monster, and this provoked a sympathetic response from me. We as readers are positioned to accept the elements of Frankenstein that are out of the ordinary because Shelley encourages an imaginative response from us. Throughout my reading my imagination was the dictum that influenced my response. By accepting the extraordinary I am able to explore a deeper view of humanity.

Library System

Chapter I The Problem and Its Background 1. 1 Background of the study The role of the Gordon Heights National High School Library Booking system is to help manage the effectiveness of library services. A Library system can help in creating an organize list of borrowed and returned books. Not every school that have a library has a library system; it is commonly manually operated by the librarian. Meaning the librian manually writes or saves borrowed or returned books in a writing material. Students make use of their library card before they can borrow any books.The librarian proceeds with the process of lending books by the students through the use of library card. The school is planning to switch from a manual system to an automated system so that the files are not all over the place and lessen the time in terms of borrowing and processing of books. Figure 1 Vicinity Map Figure 1 Vicinity Map Vicinity Map Bernadette F. Tamayo Asst. Schools Division Superintendent Bernadette F. Tamayo Asst. Schools Division Superintendent Organizational Chart DR. Roger L. Nuque ES 1-Mathematics Secondary DR. Roger L. Nuque ES 1-Mathematics SecondaryLourdes G. Gonjoran ES 1- ALS, Private Schools Lourdes G. Gonjoran ES 1- ALS, Private Schools Ricardo E. Ednave ES 1-Values Education Secondary Ricardo E. Ednave ES 1-Values Education Secondary Dr. Roland M. Fronoa ES 1-AP, Music & Arts Secondary Dr. Roland M. Fronoa ES 1-AP, Music & Arts Secondary Daniel P. Miguel ES 1-EPP,TLE, Disaster Preparedness Daniel P. Miguel ES 1-EPP,TLE, Disaster Preparedness Nelson Oliva ES 1-Filipino Secondary Nelson Oliva ES 1-Filipino Secondary Saturnino D. Dumilao ES 1-MAPEH Secondary Saturnino D. Dumilao ES 1-MAPEH SecondaryMarietta G. Abuhin ES 1-TLE Secondary Marietta G. Abuhin ES 1-TLE Secondary Samuel Boqueron ES 1-Science Secondary Samuel Boqueron ES 1-Science Secondary Teresita F. Edquiban Administrative Officer V Teresita F. Edquiban Administrative Officer V Figure 2 Organizational Chart 1. 2 Co nceptual and Theoretical Frameworks Theoretical Framework The Theoretical Framework illustrates the current manual process of the daily transactions of the Gordon Heights National High School Library. First, the student needs to present the book and give the library card to the librarian.The librarian will confirm and manually records and write the book information, date received and date to return in a library slip. The student will receive the book and the library slip. INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT Student gives the library card and the book to the librarian. Student gives the library card and the book to the librarian. Librarian records the information and also writes the book information in a library slip. Librarian records the information and also writes the book information in a library slip. The student receives the book he/she borrowed with the library slip.The student receives the book he/she borrowed with the library slip. The librarian receives the book and returns the library ca rd to the student. The librarian receives the book and returns the library card to the student. The Librarian updates the information and checks if there is any penalty. The Librarian updates the information and checks if there is any penalty. Student/s returns the book he/she borrowed and presents the library slip to the librarian. Student/s returns the book he/she borrowed and presents the library slip to the librarian. Figure 3 Theoretical Framework Conceptual FrameworkThe conceptual Framework illustrates the process of the proposed system. The librarian manages the Library through the system. In the system the student will give the book and the book information to the librarian. The librarian will verify the book if available through the system, if it is available the librarian will take the library card. The student will then receive the book. INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT Book records database is updated and returns the library card. Book records database is updated and returns the lib rary card. Librarian updates the book’s information and the book record.And verify if there is a penalty charge. Librarian updates the book’s information and the book record. And verify if there is a penalty charge. Students return the borrowed book/s and give the library card. Students return the borrowed book/s and give the library card. Librarian lends the book and the information will be save in the database Librarian lends the book and the information will be save in the database Librarian will check student’s information, the book’s information and then she/he will input the information Librarian will check student’s information, the book’s information and then she/he will input the informationStudents borrow the books and present it to the Librarian with their Library card. Students borrow the books and present it to the Librarian with their Library card. Figure 4 Conceptual Framework 1. 3 Statement of the Problem General Since the li brary use a manual system, the work load of the librarian is increased. Manual processing consumes more time and effort. The library needed to be organized and accurate. Specific 1. The said Manual System is time consuming. 2. Frequent loss of data. 3. Duplication of data may occur. 4. No security regarding confidential information. 1. 4 Research Objectives General ObjectivesTo provide a Library Booking System for school library that will provide library functions and lessen work. The objective of the project is to keep information of books such title of the book, name of the book, author and any other important information. Specific Objective 1. To be able to create a system that can fasten the workloads of the librarian. 2. To develop a system that can back-up data to prevent loss of data. 3. To provide an accurate and non-repeatable data with the use of the system. 4. To ensure a more secured system that the librarian can only access. 1. 5 Significance of the ResearchThe benefici aries for the proposed system will consist of the students who are the end users and the librarian as the administrator. The librarian will benefit because the workloads that was time consuming will fasten. Each transaction would not take-up much time. It will also lessen the chances of confusion or data error. With the proposed system, the librian/user can learn basic computer knowledge. Their computer handling skills will be developed by applying it in the proposed system. This proposed system will mostly remove or lessen the manual procedures therefore improving work efficiency and ease of work. . 6 Scope and limitation The objective of this system is to keep information of books such as titles of the books, names, authors and etc. The system also keeps information of borrowed and returned transactions. As our database, we will be using Microsoft Access and will also use Microsoft Visual Basic 2006 as our program language. The system is only accessible to the librarian. 1. 7 Defi nition of Terms Library – a place set apart to contain books, periodicals, and other material for reading, viewing, listening, study, or reference, as a room, set of rooms, or building where books may be read or borrowed.Librarian – A person who is a specialist in library work. System – A set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole. Database – a large amount of information which is stored in a computer. Chapter II Review of Related Studies This chapter includes the review of related literatures gathered during data collection by the researchers. The survey of the related studies is a crucial aspect of the planning of the study. These literatures have been used as basis and guidelines in developing the proposed system. . 1 Related Studies 2. 1. 1 Foreign The University of Chicago Library http://www. lib. uchicago. edu/e/about/factsheet. html As a center of intense intellectual inquiry, the University of Chicago Library share s with the University of Chicago the aspiration to be the most dynamic research and learning environment in the world, supporting the University's commitment to research and teaching in the sciences, social sciences, humanities, and the College and to using its intellectual resources to help solve the world's problems.Forty-five percent of the Library’s collections are non-English and published outside the United States, supporting faculty research with a global impact and making the Library a mecca for international scholars. The Library is a leading advocate of digitization as a method of preservation and has created 50 digitized collections that are accessible online, with items ranging from medieval manuscripts to early editions of Chopin scores to maps of Chicago before and after the Fire.The Library also works with faculty to preserve electronic research data including the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the Oriental Institute’s Persepolis Fortification Archive. Ten nessee Electronic Library TEL(n. d. ). Retrieved from: http://tntel. tnsos. org/about. html The Tennessee Electronic Library (TEL) is a virtual library that you can access from your home pc, your school library computer lab, or your iPhone – anywhere with an internet connection.TEL provides access to over 400,000 electronic resources, including magazines, scholarly journals, podcasts, videos, e-books, test preparation materials, federal census records, Tennessee primary source materials etc. All types of not-for-profit libraries participate in TEL and benefit from the wide range of information TEL databases offer, including homework help to new readers, consumer health information, business resources, leisure reading suggestions, current event essays, academic and civil service test preparation help, and genealogy and family history sources.Over 1. 2 million searches are performed each month across the various TEL databases. Since 1999, the Tennessee Electronic Library has be en dedicated to providing equal access to this expansive collection of electronic resources for all Tennesseans. At its inception, the Tennessee Electronic Library provided access to 18 databases that covered a variety of subjects, including humanities, education, business science, current events, art, politics, economics, social sciences, law, health, computers, environmental issues and general interest topics.TEL has grown into a resource of 33 databases supplied by six vendors. In addition to the Gale collection of databases, TEL resources also include EBSCO’s Points of View Reference Center, LearningExpress Library’s test preparation database, NewsBank’s Tennessee Newspaper Collection, the genealogy database HeritageQuest online, and World Book Encyclopedia. CISTI (Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information) http://cisti-icist. nrc-cnrc. gc. ca/eng/ibp/cisti/about/index. tml The Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (common ly NRC-CISTI or simply CISTI) began in 1924 as the library of the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), the leading agency for research and development in Canada. This library took on the role of national science library unofficially in 1957 and became the official National Science Library in 1967. The name CISTI came in 1974 to reflect the wide scope of services provided and the increasing role in the development of electronic information products and services for the science and technology community.NRC Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (NRC-CISTI), as Canada's national science library, provides Canada's research and innovation community with tools and services for accelerated discovery, innovation and commercialization. It is one of the world's major sources for information in all areas of science, technology, engineering and medicine. Moscow University Library http://www. msu. ru/en/info/struct/depts/library. html The Moscow University Library, the o ldest in Russia, was opened in 1755.Mikhail Lomonosov, the founder of the University, saw the Library as a secular institution open to the general public and free for all its patrons. In the XVIII and XIX centuries it was the only free library in Moscow, very popular among the readership. Its patrons enjoyed the wealth of its extensive collections and often donated or bequeathed some valuable books and their private collections to the University Library. Today the role of the Moscow University Library System cannot be overestimated; it is invaluable for educating and training highly qualified specialists.The Library provides Interlibrary Loan service through its contacts with 352 institutions in 55 countries, the major university library systems among them. Being the member of the Russian Library Association, the Moscow University Library is a scientific and methodological center for libraries of other Russian educational institutions. The Moscow University Library System includes a bout 10 million books, 2. 5 million among them in foreign languages; every year the collections are added with about 130, 000 Russian and foreign books and periodicals.The Library is proud of its collection of rare books and manuscripts, including early printed books, early editions of books and periodicals, both Russian and foreign, from XVIII century to the present. The Library Archives hold materials by Russian outstanding scientists and scholars, writers and public figures. The Moscow University Library System currently serves about 65,000 patrons. In 16 different campus buildings there are 20 branches of the circulating library, 63 reading rooms, and a number of reference libraries. The new MSU Main Library Building on Lomonosovsky Prospect was opened in January 2005.In 1990 we started to add the Library’s traditional index card catalog with digitized catalogs. So far we have scanned the Author Catalog covering all the University Library sources acquired from 1755 to 200 5. The electronic catalog covers books and theses from 1990 to date. 2. 1. 2 Local University of the East: Library – Library System http://www. ue. edu. ph/manila/library/main. html The Main Library in Manila is the hub of the entire system of libraries in the campus. It is the largest among the libraries in the system.It has sections for Circulation, Reserve, CCSS Library, Acquisitions, Cataloging, Reference, Filipiniana, and Periodicals, which are housed on the second, third and fourth floors of the POD-CIT Building. The book and serial collections continue to grow and are also being enriched with a growing collection of materials in various media and formats such as CD-ROMs, online databases and access to the Internet. Bibliographic access to the library collections is through the Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) terminals available in all the libraries National Library of the Philippines ttp://web. nlp. gov. ph/nlp/ On March 9, 1900, the American Circulating Library wa s established in Manila as a fitting memorial to American servicemen who died in Philippine soil. The Library was organized by Mrs. Charles R. Greenleaf and its first librarian was Nellie Young Egbert. The American Military Governor in the Philippines, by the authority vested in him by the United States Philippine Commission through Public Act No. 96 passed on March 5, 1901, accepted the Circulating Library as a donation of the American Circulating Library Association to the government.Public Law Act No. 1935, provided for the â€Å"the consolidation of all libraries belonging to any branch of the Philippine government for the creation of the Philippine Library†, and for the maintenance of the same, and other purposes. To carry out the provisions of this law, a Library Board was constituted consisting of the Secretary of the Public Instruction, the Secretary of Interior, the Secretary of Finance and Justice, and the other members to be appointed annually by the Governor Gener al.In 1916, The Philippine Library, Division of Archives, Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks of the Executive Bureau and the Law Library of the Philippine assembly were merged into one entity, called the Philippine Library and Museum. Twelve years later, the Philippine Legislature separated the museum from the library. Public Law No. 3477 (1928) established the National Museum under the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources and changed the name of the Philippine Library and Museum to The National Library.Without advancing any reason for the order, the President of the Philippines changed the name of The National Library to Bureau of Public Libraries in accordance with Executive Order No. 94, series 1947. This order was followed by the most important piece of legislation enacted in our country up to the present time in so far as public libraries are concerned; Republic Act No. 411, otherwise known as the Municipal Libraries Law, authored by the then Senator Geronima T. Pecs on. Republic Act No. 3873 passed in 1964 brought back to the Bureau of Public Libraries its old name, The National Library.Currently, the library is known as the National Library of the Philippines (NLP) pursuant to Republic Act No. 10087 enacted in May 13, 2010. The NLP is located at T. M. Kalaw Street, Manila. University of the Philippines Diliman Library System UP Diliman(n. d. ). Retrieved from: http://en. wikipilipinas. org/index. php? title=University_of_the_Philippines_Main_Library The Main Library completes the six pioneering buildings of the campus, and is actually the first to be built as UP transferred from Padre Faura, Manila to Diliman in 1949. Library users now enjoy the benefits of the Computerized Library System employed by the Main Library.The UP Integrated Library System (iLib) a web-based system using Open Source technologies, which integrates all library processes, is accessible, user-friendly and can be remotely managed. A selected committee started developing i Lib on July 15, 200. It was first tested on June 09, 2007 in the library units of UP Diliman, and became fully operational by 11 February 2008. UP Students’ ID serve as their library cards when borrowing from the library. The iLib is now copyrighted, being issued a Certificate of Copyright Registration and Deposit by the NCCA of The National Library on July 16, 2008.Electronic journals and other databases can also be accessed through iLib and OPAC modules. Pangasinan Provincial Library (KOHA-Integrated Library System Online Public Access Catalogue) http://www. pia. gov. ph/news/index. php? article=1941331717775 LINGAYEN, Pangasinan, March 16 (PIA) — The Pangasinan Provincial Library in this capital town implemented the KOHA-Integrated Library System Online Public Access Catalogue to fully automate its library services in the coming months. KOHA is a Maori term which means â€Å"gift† or â€Å"donation† and is believed to be the first open source integrate d library system (ILS) in the world.The ILS, which can be operational even without internet connection, was derived from KOHA. It was developed by Katipo Communications for the Horrowhenua Library in New Zealand and was funded by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The automation project aims to further implement a more versatile library system. Through KOHA, books will be made easier to locate and research studies will be made simpler, as well. â€Å"We have to embrace modern technology,† said Rafael Baraan, the provincial administrator, during the launching ceremony held last March 9. This project is another milestone undertaken by the province that will make life easier, putting Pangasinan in pace and in cadence with the entire world. Going global using cyberspace as the medium of communication is highly commendable. † Edgardo Quiros, National Library of the Philippines (NLP) Information Technology Division Chief, hailed the provincial government for fully embracing modern technology that will serve as a pivotal bridge towards further developing and improving library services in the country. Quiros mentioned that as of December 2011, the Philippines has the most number of KOHA system being adapted in local ibraries with Pangasinan Provincial Library as one of the leading provincial libraries in terms of modernization followed by the Cavite Library. With the advent of modern technology in the library system, youth will benefit in utilizing its services for their research and study. In just a click of a finger, information is made accessible to them. It is also useful to those who wisely spend their parents’ hard-earned money. Instead of going in computer shops, they could just visit the library for their educational needs. 2. 2 SynthesisMany researchers have proven that organizing a library is a difficult task that requires a lot of effort, time and patience to be exerted. The bigger the library, the harder it is to maintain. Specially now, many libraries require more high-technology concern. The researchers were able to conclude that objectives and problems encountered of different schools in the study of related literatures are almost similar to each other. They have begun from manual process to an automated or electronic library system. Some of the schools decided that providing high quality library services are needed.Most of the systems said above are web-based and is the modern way on how to use or easy access to the library wherever you are. Chapter III Research Methodology 3. 1 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to present the assumptions underpinning this research, as well as to introduce the research strategy and the empirical techniques applied. The chapter defines the scope and limitations of the research design, and situates the research amongst existing research traditions in The Library Booking System. 3. 2 Research Design Methods of Research UsedOur group used Literature Review Method wherein the study is focused on present research trends . It involves the recording, description, analysis and the presentation of the present system. Evaluating the credibility of sources is one of the most difficult aspects, especially with the ease of finding information on the internet. We can say that Chapter 2: Review of Related Studies can also be a Literature Review Method. Because when searching for possible related systems. Learning different types of information regarding the system. We can also think ideas that can greatly helped our system.It is very difficult to judge the credibility of an online paper. The main thing is to structure the internet research as if it were on paper. Bookmark papers, which may be relevant. 3. 3 Data Gathering Tools These are the instruments or tools that were use for gathering data in research used as basis for drawing conclusions or making inferences. Some of these tools are questionnaires, interviews, empirical observations,research and analysis used by the proponents as we conduct the proposed study. These are the only instruments or tools that we used: InterviewOn December 21, 2012 an interview was conducted just before the schools Christmas Break. Our group visited the site for the interview. The data gathering occurred by asking questions for much needed information such as book names,quantity and etc. Research Research is also important for adding any additional information using the internet. By searching different kinds of techniques/codes that can help in the development of the system. Questionnaire A pre-written series of questions used in gathering important information’s from the interviewee. This set of questionnaire was also used in the interview. AnalysisAnalysis is the process of breaking-up the whole study into its constituent parts of the categories according to the specific questions under the statement of the problem. This is to bring out into focus the essential feature of the study. 3. 4 Methods Used in Developing the Software Figure 5: Software Development Cycle Software Planning This software development method designates a plan in which a system analyst must first identify. Identify the meaning, to identify the product goals and requirement of the system. It must be put into consideration the capabilities of the programmer before deciding the product itself.Software Design Design is a visualization of the outcome of a product but then in software design, time is very essential because designing the software takes a long period of time to ensure efficiency, maintainability and reliability of the software. Software Development It can be considered as the most difficult phase because all the raw materials and information’s that were gathered will now be used to create the whole system. Software Implementation The phase of the software development method where software has already been debugged, documented and tested.The ob jective of the implementation phase is to deliver a completely functioning and documented Library Booking System. Software Operation and Maintenance Maintenance keeps the system functional at an acceptable level, correct errors and adapts changes in the new environment to provide new features and benefits. Chapter IV Presentation, System Analysis and Design This chapter presents the data gathered in each study. It consists of results and analysis in the form of figures, tables, graphs and text. 4. 1 System Analysis 4. 1. 1 Presentation of Data 4. 1. 1. 1 Feasibility Study 4. 1. 1. 1. 1 Operational FeasibilityThe Librarian will mainly use the system for record keeping and etc. The Librarian will operate the system from 8 am to 12 pm then 1 pm to 8 from Mondays to Fridays. 4. 1. 1. 1. 2 Technical Feasibility The proposed system will be using any common computer hardware composed of monitor, CPU, keyboard and a mouse. The system will be using the software Microsoft Office. This softwar e was also used for the database of the system. 4. 1. 1. 1. 3 Schedule Feasibility The timeframe of developing the program as well as the completion documents are estimated to be finished within 5 months, starting from November up to March. 4. 1. 1. 1. Economic Feasibility Operating Cost of Existing System Personel Unit| Item| Monthly Cost| Annual Cost| 1| Librarian| P 5,000| P 60,000| Table 1: Existing Personel Operating Cost Total Mothly Cost: P 5,000 Total Annual Cost: P 60,000 Supplies QTY| Unit| Item| Price/Item| Monthly Cost| Annual Cost| 1| Pc| Record Book | P 50| P 50 | P600| 3| Box| Library Card| P 400| P 1200| P14,400| 4| Pc| Ball Pen| P 10| P 40| P 480| 2| Pc| Liquid Eraser| P 35| P 70| P 840| 1| Pc| Memo Pad| P 30| P 30| P 360| 2| Set| Highlighter| P 50| P 100| P 1,200| Table 2: Supply Cost of Existing System Total Mothly Cost: P 1490. 00 Total Annual Cost: P 17,880. 0 Electric Consumption of Existing System Unit| Unit Device| Wattage| kWh| DailyHours| kWd| Monthly Consu mptions| Annual Consumptions| 1| Personal Computer| 425| . 425| 12| 5. 1| 107. 1| 1,285. 2| 1| AVR| 30| 0. 03| 12| 0. 36| 7. 56| 90. 72| 4| Flourescent Lamp| 128| 0. 128| 3| 0. 387| 8. 127| 97. 524| 2| Electrical Fan| 100| 0. 1| 12| 1. 2| 25. 2| 302. 4| Table 3: Electric Consumption of Existing System Conversion: 1 kilowatt = 1,000 watts Monthly Consumptions: kWd * 21 days Annual Consumptions: Monthly Consumptions * 12 months in a year Total Monthly Consumptions: 147. 987 kW Total Annual Consumptions: 1775. 44 kW Electric Cost of Existing System (In Pesos) Item| Monthly Consumptions| Monthly Cost| Annual Consumptions| Annual Cost| Personal Computer| 107. 1| P 738. 99| 1,285. 2| P 8,867. 88| AVR| 7. 56| P 52. 164| 90. 72| P 625. 968| Flourescent Lamp| 8. 127| P 56. 0763| 97. 524| P 672. 9156| Electrical Fan| 25. 2| P 173. 88| 302. 4| P 2,086. 56| Table 4: Electronic Cost of Existing System Rate: 1 kWh = P 6. 90 Monthly Cost: Monthly (kW) X 6. 90 Annual Cost: Annual (kW) X 6. 90 Total Monthly Cost: P 1,021. 1103 Total Annual Cost: P 12,253. 3236 Total Operating Cost of Existing System: P 90,133. 3236 or P 90,133. 32Operating Cost of Proposed System Personel Unit| Item| Monthly Cost| Annual Cost| 1| Librarian| P 5,000| P 60,000| Table 5: Proposed Personel Operating Cost Total Mothly Cost: P 5,000 Total Annual Cost: P 60,000 Supplies QTY| Unit| Item| Price/Item| Monthly Cost| Annual Cost| 1| Catridge| Ink| P 400| P 400| P 4,800| 1| Rim | Bond Paper| P 100| P 100| P1,200| Table 6: Supply Cost of Proposed System Total Mothly Cost: P 500. 00 Total Annual Cost: P 6,000. 00 Electric Consumptions of Proposed System Unit| Unit Device| Wattage| kWh| DailyHours| kWd| Monthly Consumptions| Annual Consumptions| 1| Personal Computer| 425| 0. 425| 12| 5. | 107. 1| 1,285. 2| 1| AVR| 30| 0. 03| 12| 0. 36| 7. 56| 90. 72| 4| Flourescent Lamp| 128| 0. 128| 3| 0. 387| 8. 127| 97. 524| 2| Electrical Fan| 100| 0. 1| 12| 1. 2| 25. 2| 302. 4| 1| Printer| 100| 0. 1| 12| 1. 2| 25. 2| 302. 4| Table 7: Electric Consumptions of Proposed System Conversion: 1 kilowatt = 1,000 watts Monthly Consumptions: kWd * 21 days per month Annual Consumptions: Monthly Consumptions * 12 months in a year Total Monthly Consumptions: 189. 567 kW Total Annual Consumptions: 2274. 804 kW Electronic Cost of Proposed System (In Pesos) Item| Monthly (kW)| Monthly Cost| Annual (kW)| Annual Cost| Personal Computer| 107. | P 738. 99| 1,285. 2| P 8,867. 88| AVR| 7. 56| P 52. 164| 90. 72| P 625. 968| Flourescent Lamp| 8. 127| P 56. 0763| 97. 524| P 672. 9156| Electrical Fan| 25. 2| P 173. 88| 302. 4| P 2,086. 56| Printer| 25. 2| P 173. 88| 302. 4| P 2,086. 56| Table 8: Electric Cost of Proposed System Rate: 1 kW = P 6. 9 Monthly Cost: Monthly (kW) X 6. 90 Annual Cost: Annual (kW) X 6. 90 Total Monthly Cost: P 1,194. 9903 Total Annual Cost: P 14,339. 8836 Total Operating Cost of Proposed System: P 80,339. 8836 or P 80,339. 88 Development Cost QTY| ITEM| PRICE| 1| Programmer| P 5,000| Table 9: Develo pment Cost Total Development Cost: P 5,000Presentation of Values Proposed System Operating Cost: P 80,339. 88 Development Cost: P 5,000 Total Cost of Proposed System: P 85,339. 88 Operating Cost of Existing System Total Operating Cost: P 90,133. 32 Benefits Existing Operational Cost – Proposed Operational Cost : P 90,133. 32 – P 85,339. 88 : P 4,793. 44 Payback Period Development Cost/Benefit : P 5,000/P 4,793. 44 : 1. 04 years Payback Analysis Years| Cost| Cum. Cost| Benefit| Cum. Benefit| 1| P 5,000| P 5,000| P 4,793. 44| P 4,793. 44| 2| P 0| P 0| P 4,793. 44| P 9,586. 88| 3| P 0| P 0| P 4,793. 44| P 14,380. 32| Table 10: Payback Analysis Figure 6 Payback Diagram . 1. 1. 1. 5 Result of the Feasibility Study The Operational Feasibility of the proposed system will provide the information on who can access the proposed system. In this case, the librarian is the one using the system for transactions. The required computer hardware and software that where needed to run th e proposed system was given in the Technical Feasibily The Schedule Feasibility determines the timeframe of finishing the proposed system. It is estimated to be finished within 5 months. The Economic Feasibilt calculates the diffirence between the cost of the Existing and the Proposed Systems. 4. 2 System Design 4. 2. The System Model 4. 2. 1. 1 System Processing Functions (DFD, System Flowchart) 4. 2. 1. 1. 1 DFD of Existing System (Borrow and Return) D1 D1 Library card Library card 1. 1 Input book/s information 1. 1 Input book/s information 1. 2 Borrow book/s 1. 2 Borrow book/s Librarian Librarian Borrower Borrower 1. 3 Record 1. 3 Record D2 Library Slip D2 Library Slip Borrower Borrower Borrower Info Borrower Info Librarian Librarian Book info Book info Book/s and Slip Book/s and Slip D3 Library Slip D3 Library Slip 1. 6 Update Record 1. 6 Update Record 1. 4 Return book/s 1. 4 Return book/s No PenaltyNo Penalty Book/s and Slip Book/s and Slip 1. 7 Compute Penalty 1. 7 Compute Pen alty Librarian Librarian 1. 5 Check for due date 1. 5 Check for due date Borrower Borrower Librarian Librarian Penalty Penalty Figure 7: DFD of Existing System (Borrow and Return) Figure 7: DFD of Existing System (Borrow and Return) DFD of Proposed System (Borrow and Return) 8. 0 Update Record 8. 0 Update Record 5. 0 Return 5. 0 Return Borrower Borrower Goes to Librian Goes to Librian Book/s Book/s 1. 0 Borrow 1. 0 Borrow Borrower Borrower Librarian Librarian 9. 0 Update Record 9. 0 Update Record 7. 0 Penalty 7. 0 Penalty 6. 0 Check Borrowed Book Info 6. Check Borrowed Book Info Librarian Librarian If not If not If past due date If past due date 2. 0 Input Book/s Info 2. 0 Input Book/s Info Librarian Librarian Book Info Book Info 3. 0 Save Information 3. 0 Save Information D1 Book Info D1 Book Info Librarian Librarian Borrower Info Borrower Info Librarian Librarian 4. 0 Update Record 4. 0 Update Record Figure 8: DFD of Proposed (Borrow and Return) Figure 8: DFD of Proposed (Borrow a nd Return) Flowchart of Proposed System (Form Login/Main) N N Is Username and Password correct? Is Username and Password correct? A A Login Form Login Form Enter Username and PasswordEnter Username and Password Start Start Y Y Displays Main Form Displays Main Form Menu = Book List Menu = Book List Menu = Book Acquisition Menu = Book Acquisition A A B B Menu = Security Menu = Security E E Menu = Penalty List Menu = Penalty List F F Menu = Exit Menu = Exit C C Menu = Book Borrow Menu = Book Borrow G G Menu = Book Return Menu = Book Return D D End End Figure 9: Flowchart of Proposed System (Form Login/Main) Figure 9: Flowchart of Proposed System (Form Login/Main) A A Flowchart of Proposed System (Book Acquisition) Flowchart of Proposed System (Book Acquisition) Book Acquisition Form Book Acquisition Form Start StartInput Book Info/Details Input Book Info/Details A A Database Database Change Book Info/Details Change Book Info/Details Y Y Change Book Info/Details? Change Book Info/Detail s? Is the Book Info Complete/Correct? Is the Book Info Complete/Correct? N N N N Delete Book Info? Delete Book Info? N N View Book Details View Book Details Y Y Save Book Info/Details Save Book Info/Details Y Y Search Book Info/Details? Search Book Info/Details? Y Y Database Database Delete Book Details Delete Book Details Database Database N N End End Figure 10: Flowchart of Proposed System (Book Acquisition) Figure 10: Flowchart of Proposed System (Book Acquisition)Flowchart of Proposed System (Security) Flowchart of Proposed System (Security) B B Database Database B B Security Form Security Form Database Database N N Y Y Delete Username Delete Username Y Y N N Change Username Details? Change Username Details? Y Y Search Username Details? Search Username Details? N N Y Y Save Username and Password Save Username and Password Username and PasswordCorrect? Username and PasswordCorrect? Start Start Create Username and Password Create Username and Password Change Username Details Chang e Username Details Delete Username Account? Delete Username Account? View Username Details View Username DetailsDatabase Database End End Figure 11: Flowchart of Proposed System (Security) Figure 11: Flowchart of Proposed System (Security) C C Start Start Flowchart of Proposed System (Borrow) C C Book Borrow Form Book Borrow Form Is the book available? Is the book available? Update Quantity Update Quantity Database Database End End Save student info and book info Save student info and book info N N Borrow Book/s Borrow Book/s Y Y Figure 12: Flowchart of Proposed System (Borrow) Figure 12: Flowchart of Proposed System (Borrow) D D Flowchart of Proposed System (Return) D D Is the return date over due? Is the return date over due? Return Book/sReturn Book/s Start Start Book Return Form Book Return Form Y Y Calcutate Penalty Calcutate Penalty N N Update Record Update Record Database Database Update Quantity Update Quantity End End Figure 13: Flowchart of Proposed System (Return) Figure 13: Flowchart of Proposed System (Return) E E Flowchart of Proposed System (Book List) Book List Form Book List Form E E Show Book Lisit Show Book Lisit End End Start Start Figure 14: Flowchart of Proposed System (Book List) Figure 14: Flowchart of Proposed System (Book List) Flowchart of Proposed System (Penalty List) Flowchart of Proposed System (Penalty List) F F F F Penalty List FormPenalty List Form Start Start Show Penalty List Show Penalty List End End Figure 15: Flowchart of Proposed System (Penalty List) Figure 15: Flowchart of Proposed System (Penalty List) 4. 2. 1. 2 Stored Data (ERD, Data Dictionary) Name Name 4. 2. 1. 2. 1 Entity-Relationship Diagram of Proposed System M M M M Return Return Book/s Book/s Borrower Borrower Author Author Volume No. Volume No. Librarian Librarian Book/s Book/s Year Year Section Section Book Title Book Title Request to borrow Request to borrow Volume No. Volume No. ISBN ISBN Publisher Publisher Author Author M M Book Title Book Title M M Gi ves to Gives to Librarian LibrarianPublisher Publisher ISBN ISBN Gets from Gets from 1 1 Username Username Password Password 1 1 Username Username Password Password M M Check for Penalty Check for Penalty Borrower Borrower 1 1 Pay Penalty Pay Penalty Save Save Librarian Librarian 1 1 Update Update Record Record Record Record 1 1 Figure 16: Entity Relationship Diagram of Proposed System Figure 16: Entity Relationship Diagram of Proposed System Borrower BookTitle BorrowerName BorrowDate Author ISBN Quantity Borrower BookTitle BorrowerName BorrowDate Author ISBN Quantity Database ERD of Proposed System Book BookTitle Author ISBN Volume Number Publisher Quantity Book BookTitleAuthor ISBN Volume Number Publisher Quantity Return BookTitle BorrowerName ReturnDate Author ISBN Quantity Return BookTitle BorrowerName ReturnDate Author ISBN Quantity Figure 17: Database ERD Diagram of the Proposed System Figure 17: Database ERD Diagram of the Proposed System Data Dictionary Login Field Name| Dat a Type| Width| Description| Required| Default value| Remarks| Username| Text| 15| Username| Yes| —| | Password| Text| 15| Password| Yes| —| | Book Acquisition Field Name| Data Type| Width| Description| Required| Default value| Remarks| Book Title| Text| 15| Book Title| Yes| —| | Author| Text| 30| Author| Yes| —| |ISBN| Text | 15| InternationalStandardBook Number| Yes| —| | Volume Number| Int| 15| Volume Number| Yes| —| | Publisher| Text| Publisher| Address| Yes| —| | Quantity| Int| 15| Quantity| Yes| —| | Security Field Name| Data Type| Width| Description| Required| Default value| Remarks| Username| Text| 15| Username| Yes| —| | Password| Text| 15| Password| Yes| —| | Book Borrow Field Name| Data Type| Width| Description| Required| Default value| Remarks| Book Title| Text| 15| Book Title| Yes| —| | Author| Text| 30| Author| Yes| —| |ISBN| Text | 15| InternationalStandardBook Number| Yes| —| | Quantity| Int| 15| Quantity| Yes| —| | Borrower’s Name| Text| 30| Borrower’sName| Yes| —| | Book Return Field Name| Data Type| Width| Description| Required| Default value| Remarks| Book Title| Text| 15| Book Title| Yes| —| | Author| Text| 30| Author| Yes| —| | ISBN| Text | 15| InternationalStandardBook Number| Yes| —| | Quantity| Int| 15| Quantity| Yes| —| | Borrower’s Name| Text| 30| Borrower’sName| Yes| —| | Table 9: Data Dictionary of the Proposed System Table 9: Data Dictionary of the Proposed System 4. 2. 2 Hardware, Software & User Interfaces . 2. 2. 1 Hardware Requirement Specification Hardware| Minimum Requirements| Processor| Intel Pentium 3 or AMD| Memory| 128 mb RAM or higher| Monitor| 800 x 600 Resolution or higher| Printer| Cannon HP Printer or higher| Table 10: Hardware Requirement Specification 4. 2. 2. 2 Software Requirement Specification Software| Minimum Requirements| Operating System| Win dows Vista or any Windows OS| Microsoft Office| Version 2007 or 2010| Table 11: Software Requirement Specification 4. 2. 2. 3 User Interfaces 4. 2. 3 System Back-up and Control Back-ups can be saved to any driver on the user computer.Or the back-up could be even saved using a flash drive and external hard drive, if they it is available. 4. 2. 4 System Implementation and Maintenance The software will be implemented for Gordon Heights National High School. The School Librarian will be the one using the system. Updating and maintaining of the system will be done depending on the changes made on the school library information. Chapter V Conclusion and Recommendation This chapter discusses the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the Software entitled, Computerized Library System for Gordon Heights National High School. . 1 Conclusion Based on the findings, the proponents have successfully developed the proposed system that meets the objective and solves the statement of the problem with regards to the study. The proponents concluded that the Gordon Heights National Highschool Library System is efficient to use based on the results of the study. As a whole, the proposed system and the existing system have a tremendousdistinction. The difference from the traditional to the proposed system is trulybeneficial to the library, librarian and