Home School vs Public School Essay Example for Free

Home School vs Public School EssayHave you ever wondered what the difference is between main office schooling your children and sending them to a public school? How be there learning environments different and similar? How do they teach the state standards compargond to teaching them yourself? What are the disadvantages and advantages of home schooling and public school? Doing the research yourself can be a waste of m some ms or if you dont stick out the duration. The learning environment of public school is kind of a hassle. They teach the learners as a whole, the students can ask for help if they are having trouble with what they are learning.Also public school pushes the students to do their best in class to make sure that they understand what they are working on. The teachers to a fault in allow the student to go to the library to learn more helpful things in life. If they can file on their own why not give them the chance to read as many books as they want and not l imit them. Some teachers want to challenge the children in their reading and it also improves your childrens reading tag and lets them understand and comprehend more words. Also public school is very good at socializing your children with other children there age and they make friends to scam with each other.Home schooling environment is more on the pace of the adult that is teaching the children. The adult also chooses the setting to fuck off the children in, as surface as the environment could be in a loud place or a calm relaxing environment. Messing with the environment of the children can make it so that they end up misbehaving and not listening due to them being stressed. Home schooling background also makes it harder to socialize your children to other children there age and you could also cause issues with other children and your children. All schools follow a state standard that all students are supposed to pass without ease.Public schools follow a chart that states wh at the students need to learn that week, and that is what they should be learning and bring on it learned by the end of the that lesson week. If any student doesnt completely understand the lessons that are told to head the room and to go see a different teacher to have them explain it to them. As well if you were to fall behind in your school work, they commonly dont help you make it up, they will give you at least two days to crush the work turned in or it would be counted as incomplete and that would lower your grade.You would have to get the notes from a friend to understand how to do the assignment, also you get a tutor that is easier to semen to your home then to school for one on one learning. When you are the one that is teaching and you can teach at your own pace or the pace that your children want to learn the material. If they are grasping the concept very well without any issues then they could move onto a different lesson. As though there are some students that nee d the special help and you could be on that lesson or that material for a month.As long as you get the lessons for that whole year done then you would be on tract with the lessons. The advantages of a public school is to have some alone time with yourself and to have time away from the children and be able to run errands and go to doctor appointments without the kids. Being able to be alone in the house without children is the best time to clean and complete your grocery shopping. The disadvantages of public school are all the drama that occurs within the walls of the school.The administrators are also sometimes not the best pot to have around your children. Sometimes how they treat their students due to them being out of school very often or if they are having a hard time in school and the teacher doesnt not want to help. The advantages of home schooling would be having more family time and being able to monitor the be on of the childrens learning ability to read and to understan d how to comprehend how they solve the work. Also if the child is sick you wouldnt have to go pick them up from school, they would already be home.You wouldnt also have to deal with the drama between your children and other children and the teachers. The disadvantages of home schooling is that you would very rarely get time alone without the children and it could stress you out and make you feel like you have been enclosed in a cocoon. Having the ability to send the children off to school and be able to be your own person and not have to listen to the children whine about something and to get them to understand what it is like to be socialized is all beneficial in the end.Having the ability to completely understand the difference between the two different types of schools that are out there to allow your children to go to and them racket either choice that you choose. With people having their own opinions about certain schools why not get the information straight from the informati on and based on what the opinions say. Having the whimsey that you did your research and your children are getting the education that you would like them to have it a good feeling. Finding the right reasons and the wrong reasons for sending your children to a school that you have looked at is better than not knowing about it at all.

Internal and external data Essay Example for Free

Internal and external data EssayThe Bowmer and Kirkland human reasources department testament collect and use external labour merchandise information for planning in the business.Unemployment statistics The current labour market figures show that in the east midlands current unemployment is only 4.1%, this means Bowmer and Kirkland may earn obstacle finding people to employ as so many already realise a job. As the higher the unemployment rate the more people thither will be for Bowmer and Kirkland to employ.The unemployment rate of the east midlands is 1% lower than that of the whole UK. In Derbyshire alone the unemployment grade argon paticually low and numbers are exempt falling.Although rates are low, GDP per head still lags behind the UK and European averages, skill levels and productivity in manufacturing are also below average. 31.6% of people work in east midlands have no qualifications compared with 28.9% of England, so when Bowmer and Kirkland need to emply mo rtal it will alot of the time also include the costs of training them up.So in conclusion the unemployment rates in the east midlands could cause a business when it comes to Bowmer and Kirkland recruiting faculty. For a start there are only 4.1% people avaliable to work, and they have got value that not all that 4.1% will have the hold uplage and skills recuired to work at Bowmer and Kirkland. This will result in costing Bowmer and Kirkland alot of time and money, mainly on training. One representation of getting round the low unemployment rates would be to take staff they already have and train them up for hiarachy positions. Although this will leave another problem of having to find someone to fill their origional position, so they cant win really.Employment and Unemployment in the construction industry In the last few years perturbation has gone up and the ammount of people employed has remained static. The avaliability of contructors in the labour market is a problem to Bo wmer and Kirkland as there are not alot of qualified workers come in there so most of there employees have the standard ammount of GCSEs and A-levels. However Bowmer and Kirkland can train people up. The business in the local area that Bowmer and Kirkland are compeating for for the same employees are, Thorntons, Denby pottery, Rolls royce, these are the major compaines in this area, but construction companies down to Birmingham also cause competition for workers.Internal informationThe Bowmer and Kirkland human reasources team will also collect and use Internal staffing information for planning in the business.Labour turnover Bowmer and Kirkland measure Labour turnover because they believe it is important to know how many people they need in the business. This also allows them to be able to compare their figures to other industrys and see how they match up.From the figures they have 20% of people have left the company this year, the main few reasons people are leaving are to branch out and move on, some are only probation periods and dont have their contract renuied, and some could have been sacked or made redundant. Although saying that some of them sometimes come back to the company depending on why they left. If someone is wanting to leave they have to hand in a 4 week or week notice and have the exit interview. Bowmer and Kirkland do this so they can see if there is a trend in why people are leaving, then they may be able to do something near it.For example most of the leavers may be from one department, and it may narrow down to the fact they are all finding better paid jobs elsewhere, so then Bowmer and Kirkland can sort out that problem.Bowmer and Kirkland however see this as a good thing as this means they can bring in new people/staff and they will bring in new ideas to the company. Bowmer and Kirkland on average employ 20 25 new starters each month, the majority of them have minimum qualifications and 10% are usually apprentices, however Bowmer and Kirkland will train them up.Sickness and Accident rates Bowmer and Kirkland dont compare their Sickness and Accident rates against the national average. However they compare it internally within the company. They have weekly reports to monitor staff absences and the health and safety department monitor all their staff accidents. Of course if someone is found to be having an unusual ammount of absences they will have to have words with them and see the reason behind this as it would not be good for the company.Age, Skills and Training Bowmer and Kirkland look at their demographic trends. Within the company 92 % of their employees are male and only 8 % female, this is purly because of the concept of he industry, it is more appealing to the male population. Also new training scemes are existence used more in Bowmer and Kirkland now so the older generation is being left behind slightly, for example Modern apprentaships.

The Foreign Exchange Market

The remote commute marketplaceThe irrelevant give-and-take trade is the market place where iodin money is traded for some some other. This market is somewhat similar to the over the counter market in securities. The trading in currencies is usually accomplished over the hollo or through the telex. With direct dialing telephone service anywhere in the word, unconnected transpose markets check become truly global in the sense that notes dealings now require only a single telephone call and take place twenty four hours per day. The different monetary centers atomic number 18 connected by a telephone network and video screens and ar in constant contact with one another, thus forming a single global exotic give-and-take market. However, the currencies and the extent of the wearicipation of indivi twofoldly currency in this market depend on local ordinances, which vary form country to country.Chapter 1 deals with the introduction and conceptual framework of inappr opriate substitution market in India. It withal deals with the structure of Indian Forex Market.Chapter 2 deals with the literature review of organization and regulation of forex market as sanitary as management of exchange risk, exchange gait mechanism.Chapter 3 deals with the methodology adopted in the research process push throughlining the objectives of the study, methods of info order of battle and limitations faced while conducting the study.Chapter 4 deals with the data analysis of the abroad exchange market in India. It savvys the long term and short term factors which narrative to the problems.Chapter 5 deals with the conclusion, recommendations and future prospects of forex market in India.Chapter1Conceptual Framework of forex MarketTheory of remote exchangeThe term distant exchange is normally employ to denote overseas currency surrendered or asked for in any of its current forms, i.e. a currency note or a negotiable instrument or transfer of funds through cable or mail transfer or a letter of credit transaction requiring sale and purchase of unknown exchange or transmutation of one currency into another, either at the local center or an overseas center. The banks, dealings in for exchange and providing facilities for conversion of one currency into another or vice versa are kn accept as Authorized Dealers or Dealers in Foreign Exchange. A bank is state to buy or sell foreign exchange when it handles the claims drawn in foreign currency or the actual legal tender money, i.e., foreign currency notes and coins of other countries.The theory of Foreign exchange covers different means and methods by which the claims expressed in terms of one currency are converted into another currency and specifically deal with the pass judgment at which more(prenominal) conversion takes place.With partial or complete exchange control, as exercised by countries since World warfare II exchange markets are no longer free. Exchange pass judgment toda y are not entirely determined by market forces provided are officially fixed and maintained by Central Monetary Authorities. Fluctuations in exchange rates are permitted by authorities only at bottom narrow limits,. And official rates often very different to what they would be if natural forces were allowed to operate.Forex MarketsThe foreign exchange market, like the market for any other commodity, comprises of buyers and sellers of foreign currencies. The surgical procedures in the foreign exchange market originate in the requirements of customers for making remittances to and receiving them from other countries. But the bulk of transactions take place among banks dealing in foreign exchange for their own requirements as they do cover operations. Banks undertake large and frequent deals with other banks through the agency of Exchange Brokers, and it is these deals which bind the market its signifi tushce. In addition, there are other transactions which take place in the foreig n exchange market. All transactions of the exchange market whitethorn be divided into five categories Transactions between banks and their customers.Transactions between different banks in the same centre.Dealings between banks in a country and their correspondents, and overseas branches.The purchase and sale of currencies between the central bank of a country and the commercial banks.The transactions of the central banks of one country, with central banks of other countries.There is not much difference between one market and another as far as the international transaction between markets at different centres is concerned. But local dealings, among members of the same market are organized in two different forms. One of them is the pattern adopted in immense Britain, U.S. A. and some other countries, where foreign exchange dealers never meet each other but transact business through a network of telephone lines linking the banks, with exchange brokers who act as intermediaries. In In dia withal the foreign exchange market is organized on these lines. The other type is the markets in countries of Western Europe, where the dealers in Foreign exchange meet on every working day at a meeting place for business proposals-They fix the exchange rates for certain kind of business particularly with-customers. The foreign exchange markets in these countries are like commodity exchange or stock exchange. However, the global essential of these markets, is comparatively small.Indian Foreign Exchange MarketThe Indian foreign exchange market, broadly concentrated in big cities, is a three- course market. The first tier covers the transactions between the Reserve Bank and Authorized Dealers (Ads). As per the Foreign Regulation Act, the responsibility and authority of foreign exchange administration is vested with the RBI. It is the apex torso in this field of battle and for its own convenience, has delegated its responsibility of foreign exchange transaction functions to Ads , primarily the scheduled commercial banks. They have formed the Foreign Exchange Dealers necktie of India which framers rules regarding the conduct of business, coordinates with the RBI in the proper administration of foreign exchange control and acts as a clearing ho subprogram for information among Ads. likewise the commercial banks, there are money- changers operating on the periphery. They are well-established firms and hotels doing this business under license from the RBI. In the first tier of the market, the RBI buys and sells foreign currency from and to Ads agree to the exchange control regulations in force from clip to sequence. Prior to the introduction of the Liberalized Exchange trouble System, Ads had to sell foreign currency acquired by them from the primary quill market at rates administered by the RBI. The latter too sold overreachs greatest or US dollars, spot as well as forward, to Ads to cover the latters primary market requirements. But with the unified exchange rate system, the RBI now intervenes in the market to stabilize the value of the rupee.The second of the market is the inter-bank market where Ads transaction business among themselves. They normally do their business within the country, but they slew transact business overly with overseas bank in order to cover their own stead. Through they can do it independently, they do it normally through a recognized broker. The brokers are not allowed to execute any deals on their own account or for the draw a bead on of jobbing. Within the country, the inter-bank transactions can be some(prenominal) sport and forwards. These may be swap transactions. Any permitted currency can be sued. But while dealing with the overseas Ads, because the Indian market lacks depth in other currencies the Indian banks can deal mainly in two currencies, viz, the US branches must cover only genuine transactions relating to a customer in India or for the purpose of adjusting or squaring the banks own position. advancing trading with overseas banks is also allowed if it is done for the above two purpose, that is for covering genuine transactions or for squaring the currency position, and does not exceed a check of six months. In case the import is do on deferred defrayal terms and the period exceeds six months, permission has to be obtained from the RBI.Cancellation of forward contracts is allowed in India, although it has to be referred to the RBI. Previously, the banks used to get the forward transactions covered with the RBI, but since 1994-95 the RBI has stopped giving this cover and has permitted the banks to trade freely in the forward market. Cancellation of a forward contract involves entering into a reverse transaction at the going rate. Suppose US $1,000 was bough forward on 1 February for three months at Rs. 40/US $. On 1 March, it is cancelled involving selling the US dollar at the rate prevalent on this day. If the exchange rate on 1 March is Rs. 39.50/US $ ther e will be a departure of Rs. 500 (the dollar sold for Rs. 39.5 minus dollar bought at Rs. 40.00). The loss is borne by the customer. If the value of the US dollar is greater on the cancellation day, the customer shall reap the profit.The third tier of the foreign exchange market is represented by the primary market where Ads transact in foreign currency with the customers. The very existence of this tier is the bulge outcome of the legal provision that all foreign exchange transactions of the Indian residents must take place through Ads. The tourists exchange currency, exporters and importers exchange currency, and all these transactions come under the primary market Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEW Organization And Regulation of Forex MarketThe Foreign Exchange plane surgical incision, which is also being called as the International Banking Division, is one of the important departments of the banks operating in international market. In India also all scheduled commercial banks, both i n the nationalized or non-nationalized sectors, do have Foreign Exchange departments, both at their principal bunks as well as offices, in metropolitan centers. This department functions independently under the overall change of some senior executive or a senior officer well-versed in foreign exchange operations as well as in the rules and regulations in force from time to time pertaining to foreign exchange transactions advised by various government agencies.The principal function of a Foreign exchange department is to handle foreign inward remittances as well as outward remittances buying and selling of foreign currencies, handling and forwarding of import and export documents and giving the consultancy services to the exporters and importers. Besides this, the department also gives the financial help in relation to the foreign trade, i.e., it gives assistance to the exporters by way of financing the exports and imports by giving them the financial assistance to clear the consig nments or open a letter of credit. The department issues letters of credit for their importer clients and handles letters of credit received from overseas correspondents in favour of exporters from India. yield of Performance and the Bid Bond guarantees and tender document is also one of the important functions of the banks that are dealing I foreign exchange.In India, the banks doing foreign exchange business are issued a license to this effect by the Reserve Bank of India under Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973. No bank, not having such license to deal in foreign exchange, can handle foreign exchange operations. Besides Authorized Dealers, licenses are also issued to the Dealers with limited powers to change foreign currency notes, coins and travellers cheques. Such licensees are known as Authorized Money Changers.2.1 Organisation of A Foreign Exchange surgical incisionThe foreign exchange department of a medium or large sized-bank can be divided into various department and s ections such department are locked after by a senior person not lower than the category of a branch manager having both administrative and operational know-how as well as discretionary powers for advances required from time to time by the clients. The in charge of the department functions independently within the overall framework set(p) down by the Management of the bank. The in charge is assisted in hid day-to-day work by a team of officers, and workmen. One of the important functions of the Foreign exchange department, beside banking operations, is to maintain data link and correspondence relations with overseas banks who may be their correspondents.SECTION OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE DEPARTMENTThe Foreign exchange department is divided into number of sections, each one equally important and looked after by one officer or a department head. A particular section can be sub-divided into sub-section with specific duties allotted. The sections in Foreign exchange department can be broa dly stated as under1. Dealers SectionThis section is the nerve of the foreign exchange department as the exchange rates are computed and advised by this section. The exchange rates are the on a foreign exchange and so any incorrect fixation of rates (price) will turn the profits of the bank into losses and instead of earning from the foreign exchange transactions, the bank may keep on losing. This section is headed by an officer who is called a Dealer. In the morning, before the banking hours begin, the exchange rates of various currencies are computed. The rates are computed on the basis of certain fixed principles which may by either market quotations or any such approved channel. In India, the Dealer works out the exchange rates on cross rate method based on the sterling rate schedule fixed and advised by FEDAI vis--vis the front days closing rates in London market. This department calculates and advised both the ready rates as well as forward rates as and when requested. Beside s rate computation, it also looks after the foreign currency accounts of the bank and supervises the balancing position in foreign currency accounts maintained abroad. It also controls the exchange position of the department and reconciles the various entries put forth by other sections both for buying as well as selling of foreign exchange. In addition, the section also calculates and tabulates the statistical data required by the principal office of the bank concerned, as well as the Exchange support Department of the Reserve Bank of India. Such statistics prepared by the bank are to be reported to the authorities on the irrefutable forms at the prescribed intervals. This data is very essential and of prime important as the Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments position is arrived at only from the statistics provided by the banks. From the data procurable from the banks even the import policy is formed and other fiscal measure adopted by the monetary authorities from time to time depend.This section can be further sub-divided into following subsectionsRate calculation and advising earlier Exchange contractsForeign currency AccountsExchange position and control, andReconciliation of Foreign Currency Accounts.2. Foreign Remittances SectionThis section deals with the inward and outward remittances received in the country and sent outside, both on behalf of the transactions taken up by residents and non-residents. Foreign remittances are carried out in the form of cable transfers, mail transfers, demand drafts, travelers cheques and wages instructions by letters. All these forms are widely used both for inward remittances as well as outward remittances. The officer of this particular department has to be quite well-versed with various regulations in force from time to time and the amendments thereto as strict exchange control regulations are prevailing surplusly in case of outward remittances in developing and underdeveloped countries, callable to the a dverse balance of payments position, depleting foreign exchange reserves, and available resources required to meet with development programmes and national exigencies. This department also keeps Test Key arrangements used for transfer the instructions by cable, as in cable transfers no signature of the remitting bank is possible. So messages are computed with a particular number known as code or cipher. This code or cipher is recomputed at the other centre on the basis of the test arrangements exchanged between the two banks.In foreign exchange, whatever the reason may be irrespective of the amount, the entire gamut is focused close to the inward and outward remittances and so this section is of prime importance. The remittances are converted into local currency in case of inward remittances and in foreign currency in case of outward remittances at the prevailing rate of exchange on the date of each transaction or a forward exchange rate if exchange rate if exchange is already boo k earlier. So, the remittance department has to keep a close contact with Dealers section, both for get the rates and also advising them the funds position which changes from time to time due to the remittances flowing in either direction.3. Import Section Import section can be sub-divided into import letters of credit both opening and payment thereof, issue of Bid guarantees, performance guarantees and guarantees to judicature agencies for release of import consignment, import documents received on collection basis and imports on consignment basis. Import section has to keep in touch with latest developments in international markets as well as the rules and regulations in force in various centres to take up the import business at right earnest without violating the rules and regulations. Both in developing and developed countries, there are Import and Export Trade guard Regulations and such regulations are enforced through a licensing procedure. Hence the Import section has to take deal of the Import Trade Control Regulations as well as Exchange Control Regulations before allowing import transactions to be put through.4. Export Section The section deals with various exchange operations arising out of export trade. The principal functions of this sub-section areAdvising and confirming letters of credit received from abroadExtending financial assistance to exporters as and when required.Acting as an agent for collection on behalf of the clientsNegotiation of export bills drawn under letters of Credit whereby the dealer acts as an agent of overseas bank and facilitates smooth function/operation of international trade and Acting as an authorized channel appointed by Central Banking Authority to receive the export proceeds.5. Statistics SectionThis section collects the gross sales and purchase figures from various departments along with necessary exchange control forms, tabulates then and submits a periodical report by way of statements and returns to the Ex change Control Department of the Reserve Bank of India under whose authority it operates. This reports is also being submitted from time to time in one form or the other to the head office of the concerned bank to enable it to compile the overall position of the foreign exchange preferably of the bank as a whole.2.2 Exchange Regulation in India Exchange Control Regulations were first introduced in our country on 3rd September, 1939 at the outbreak of World War II. The control was introduced under the guidelines of Bank of England and also as a measure under the Defence of India rules to conserve and augment the foreign exchange resources of India to meet the defence requirements for Britishers. It primary objective was to conserve the foreign exchange resources, which needed to be diversified due to changed circumstances.It was initially introduced as a temporary device to meet the emergency situation arisen due to southward World War. In May, 1944 the Defence of India Rules were l ifted and all emergency sustenance promulgated during the Defence of India Rules were ineffective. But the Government of India was not in a position to lift the Exchange Control Regulations due to the strain on the sterling balances The Exchange Control Regulations were kept alive under a new legality named as Emergency Provisions Continuance Act of 1994. The Exchange Control was put on a permanent Statute and the First Foreign Exchange Regulations Act came into existence on 25th March, 1947 as a full fledged foreign Exchange Regulations Act.The system of control adopted in 1947 was structurally identical to provisions laid down in 1939 at the inception of the control, but important changes in detail were introduced in FERA 1947 to meet the specific requirements of the situation and to protect the interests of independent India.The Foreign Exchange Regulations Act (FERA) of 1947 has now been replaced by the FERA, 1973. Basic structure of the Exchange Control Regulations is till n ot very much divergent that the earlier ones, but keeping in view the economic conditions and balance of payments positions, certain new provisions have been included and the control has been bewilder more comprehensive. Under the Act of 1973, the Authorized Dealers have been given wider powers for releasing foreign exchange to the residents in India and a strict view has been taken of the non-resident interests.I) all-embracing FEATURES OF EXCHANGE CONTROL There is an elaborate machinery to enforce Exchange Control Regulations in our country. The machinery comprises of the controller of the Exchange Control department of the Reserve Bank of India at the helm of affairs, which in turn has empowered the Banks dealing in foreign exchange to deal with frequent public for their foreign exchange requirements. This authority enforces the provisions of the Foreign Exchange Regulations Act and has the powers to deal with any infringement or violation of the provisions of the Act.II) THE FERA AND THE EXCHANGE CONTROL MANUAL All the provisions of the FERA have been transcribed in the banking terminology by the Reserve Bank of India to facilitate the day to day transactions between Reserve Bank, between the various dealers and the general public.Exchange control in India is administered by the Reserve Bank of India in accordance with the general policy laid down by the Union Government in consultation with the Reserve Bank. The Bank has an Exchange Control Department which is entrusted with this functions. Under the system, the Reserve Bank is authorized to license export of sumptuous, silver, currency notes, securities, and a variety of other transactions involving the sue of foreign exchange.For foreign exchange transactions, which the general public conducts with the authorized dealers in foreign exchange, the Reserve Bank of India has laid down general instructions for the guidance of the latter. The directions cover all transactions relating to imports and expor ts, foreign travel payments, family maintenance remittances by foreign nationals, transfers of investment income, capital transfers by foreign and Indian Nationals and other invisible items. Some of these transactions particularly those pertaining to capital transfers, have to be referred by the authorized dealers to the Reserve Bank for its front approval. Some remittances may, however, be made by the authorized dealers without prior approval of the Reserve Bank, such as those for foreign Nationals seeking to remit a part of their, earnings for the maintenance of their families abroad, provided the amounts are within limits specified by the Reserve Bank.The institutional framework of the exchange control system also compromised of a special machinery for enforcement and for dealing with any infringements of the provisions of the Act. The function is entrusted to the Directorate of Enforcement attached to the Union Ministry of Finance. The directorate deals with offenders who viola te the control provisions and is authorized to take punitive action. It is also empowered to adjudicate in certain cases of infringement.III) Purchases and Sales by Authorized Dealers Authorized dealers purchase and sell foreign currencies in accordance with the regulations.Purchase They purchase T.Ts., M.Ts., drafts, bill etc., freely from banks and the general public. The receipt of remittances from any country is free and banks are, therefore allowed to purchase freely.Purchase of foreign currencies is also done from their overseas branches and correspondents for the purpose of making rupee payments into non-resident accounts in India and also for making payments to residents.The authorized dealers and authorized moneychangers purchase foreign currency notes, coins, and travellers, cheques from travellers coming from abroad. The amounts purchased are endorsed on the reverse of the custom stamped currency declaration forms of the travellers. Foreign currency notes and coins are al so purchased from other authorized dealers and money changers.Sales Sales of foreign currency are made by authorized dealers subject to control regulations. No remittances may be made to countries advised from time to time and no transactions may be carried out with persons, firms or banks residents in those countries.For the purpose of sales persons, firms, and banks residents in Nepal are treated as non- residents. 2.3 Exchange Rate Mechanism in India India is a founding father member of the IMF. It followed the fixed mirror symmetry system till the early 1970s as a result which the value of the rupee in terms of gold was originally fixed as the equivalent of 0.268601 gram of fine gold. In view of Indias long economic and political relations with England and membership of the sterling area from September 1939 to June 1972, the rupee was pegged to the pound sterling. The exchange rate was thus remained unchanged but the gold content of the rupee fell to 0.186621 gram. Again, with the devaluation of the Indian rupee in June 1996 the gold content fell further to 0.118489 gram. The following year, the pound was also devalued. This devaluation did have an impact on the rupee pound link, but the rupee was kept stable in terms of the pound. The latter continued as an intervention currency.In August 1971 when the system of fixed parity was under a cloud, the rupee was briefly pegged to the US dollar at Rs. 7.50/US $ and this continued till December 1971. The peg to the dollar was not very effective as the pound sterling remained to continue as the intervention currency. In December 1971, the rupee returned to the sterling peg at a parity of Rs. 18.9677/ with of course , a adjustment of 2.2 S percent.After the Smithsonian arrangement had failed and the pound had began to float, the rupee tended to depreciate. The reserve Bank then had to delink it from the pound sterling in September 1975 and link it with a handbasket of five currencies but the pound sterling was r etained as the intervention currency for fixing the external value of the rupee. The weight of different currencies forming the basket remained orphic and the exchange rate continued to be administered. The administered rate did not keep pace with the growing rate of inflation and this resulted in a widening counterpane between the real and the nominal exchange rates that was more evident during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Thus, when economic reforms were initiated in the country, the rupee was depreciated by around 20 percent in two successive instalments in the first weeks of July 1991. In absolute terms, depreciation occurred from Rs. 21.201/US $ to Rs. 25.80 /US $From March 1992 a dual exchange rate system was introduced, in terms of which 40 percent of export earnings were to be converted at the official exchange rate prescribed by the Reserve Bank and the remaining 60 percent were to be converted at market determined rates. The US dollar was he intervention currency. Fro m March 1993 the receipts on merchandise trade account and some of the items of invisible trade account came to be convertible entirely at the market determined rates on all items of current account.The acceptance of the unified exchange rate system form March 1993 means adoption of a floating-rate regime, but it is a managed floating and the reserve Bank of India intervenes in the foreign exchange market in order to influence the value of the rupee. In the first two years, the value of the rupee remained stable but the onward, it has been depreciating despite RBIs intervention.2.4 Management of Exchange Risk Risk Hedging tools in Forex MarketIn recent years financial markets have developed many new products whose popularity has become phenomenal. Measured in terms of trading volume, the growth of these products in the first place futures and options has confused traditional investors. Although active markets in futures and options contracts for physicals commodities have only rec ently attracted Internet.Multinational Companies normally use the spot and forward markets for international transactions. They also use currency futures, currency options, and currency futures options for various corporate functions. While speculators trade currencies in these three markets for profit, multilingual companies use them to cover open positions in foreign currencies.2.4 (a) Forward contract Forward Exchange Forward exchange is a device to protect traders against risk arising out of fluctuations in exchange rates. A trader, who has to make or receive payment in foreign currency at the end of a given period, may find at the time of payment or receipt that the foreign currency has appreciated or depreciated. Ifthe currency moves down or gets depreciated the trader will be att a loss as he will get lesser units of home currency for a given amount of foreign currency, which he was holding.Similarly, an importer, who was contracted to make payment of a given amount in pound sterling at the end of a given period, may find that at the time of payment, the rupee sterling rate is higher. He would then have to pay more in rupees than what it would have been at the time when the contract was made.To protect traders against such risks of appreciation and getting lesser amount of home currency, there is a device in exchange market of booking forward exchange contracts. The emergence of forward exchange contracts has been due to the rate fluctuations and possible losses that the traders might have to suffer in their foreign exchange business. The forward exchange transaction is an umbrella which gives security to the dealers against the adverse movement of exchange rates. The forward exchange market in fact came into existence when the exchange rates were highly unstable following the renunciation of the gold standard by most of the countries at the end of first and Second World Wars. There are other means of taking care of the risks of the adverse effects of the exchange rate fluctuations such as including the Escalation Clause in the sale and purchase contracts entered between the buyers and sellers or fixing a parity rate between the home currency and foreign currency and any variation in the fixed parity entered into between the importers and exporters, the exchange risks will be passed on as per the terms of the contract. Escalation clause is more adaptable in contracts amounting to a very large volume,. especially in contracts entered into on deferred payment terms.Forward Exchange Contracts Under option forward exchange contracts, the customers has an option to receive or deliver the contract

An Investigation of the Recruitment and Selection Procedures

An Investigation of the enlisting and natural selection ProceduresINTRODUCTIONIn any com military post the close vital organ is human recourses. In the arrangements effective functioning the employees play an important role. In the todays business atmosphere, the main challenge of the managers is the natural selection of the right good dealdidate, thence development of the prospect and the retention of the candidate in the organic law. Human elections have the potential to take an organization to the sky of success. Human resource management is intentional to improve the employees performance and effectiveness in the fulfillment of the aims of the organization.The recruitment of the effective, efficient and deserving candidates is very difficult task for the human resource subdivision of the beau monde. The human resource policy regulates the task of the recruitment in the organization. The recruitment process is based on the requirement of the organization. The human re source department should besides be effective enough to recruit the equal candidates.This dissertation allow for explains the processes and procedures involved in the Selection and Recruitment in Tata Teleservices Ltd. (TATA Docomo).LITERATURE REVIEWThe human resource department is responsible for the selection and recruitment of the effective, eligible and capable candidates for the organization. The decision of the human resource department to recruit one wrong candidate can prove fatal for the organization, in terms of money, era and reputation of the company. To avoid this mistake, the organizations have already developed the new methods and ways of selection and recruitments. There should be proper planning and proper policy for the selection of the candidates.RecruitmentRecruitment involves the pursuit and stimulation of the candidates to apply the vacancies in the organization. The increase in productivity, morale, wages, etc.can be achieved with the proper planning of selection and recruitment process. As the recruitment process acts as the stimulant to the candidates to apply the vacancies in the organization, so it is regarded as the positive process.Sources of RecruitmentThere argon two sources of recruitmentInternal b) foreignInternal SourcesThe internal recruitment is the process of the identification of the potential candidates who be accreditedly functional in the organization who can fulfill the requirements of the new vacancies in the organization. In this the current employees argon rendered the new vacant positions, like promotion of the employee to the higher gage which is vacant. This also boosts up the morale of the early(a) employees and they also perform well to get the promotion to the higher post. There are internal advertisements for the information of the employees.External SourcesThe human resource departments of the organizations are dependent on the external sources. The main external sources are as followsInformatio n Commercials. It is the way to inform the potential candidates roughly the recruitment process through the print media like newspapers, magazines, journals, pamphlets, posters etc. these are also called as recruitment advertisements. These helps in spreading the information to millions of people at one time. The mortalal line of credit seeking candidates responds to such advertisements very quickly.Employment Organizations.These are also the efficient source for the inflow of the capable candidates for the vacant posts in the organization. These involvement agencies initially interviews the candidates, then if they are found fit for the vacant post only then they are referred to the recruiting organization. This makes the process of recruitment simpler for the organization as the organization need to deal with only capable persons. Generally, these recruitment organizations charge fees from the employer but sometimes they also charge from the candidates also. It depends on the organization to organization.Colleges and Universities.The process of recruitment of the candidates at once from the colleges and universities is known as the on campus recruitment drive. It is often executed whenever there is need of the professional qualified and technically sound candidates for the vacant posts.ReferralsIn this, the current employees forward the credentials of the candidates who are capable and eligible for the vacant posts in the organization. The employees are free to recommend the candidates for the vacant posts. This the effective method as company gets the necessary information regarding the capabilities of the candidates referred from the existing employees. This also increases the favoritism and it can lead in degrading the morale of the employees.Casual aspirants.There are the candidates who themselves visit the organization and drop their resumes in the organization. Whenever the posts are generated the organization also considers them.Labor Unions.Ther e are some occupations which recruits the candidates referred by the labor unions, like maritime, hotels and construction companies. This source is elect by the organization because it is the in-expensive method of recruitment.The Recruitment ProcedureWhenever the vacancy is generated in the organization then the human resource department starts the process of recruitment. There are predefined locomote in this process. in these steps the qualification and capabilities of the candidates is tested to find out whether they are eligible or non for the certain vacancy.Execute job analysis.With the generation of the new vacancy, it is necessary to know about the job and its requirements only then the human resource department can recruit the suitable candidates for that finical job. In this analysis the task and duties are identified which is necessary by the particular job. This process involves three stepsThe environment analysis, where the man power pull up stakes workDeterminatio n and identification of the responsibilities and duties to be discharged.The identification of the tasks involved in the particular job.Job Description DesigningIt is the written document which houses the objectives, aims, the tasks, duties and responsibilities involved in the particular job, the requirements which are needed for the fulfillment of the objectives of the job. These written documents is helpful the suitable employee selection, in their training and orientation processes. It lets the directions to the new employees also. This job description helps the HR department and the employee both in the achievement of the desired tasks to fulfill the organizations goals.Development of the specifications of the particular jobThe job specifications and description both are necessary in agreement of the job. One the description is written then comes the specifications it includes that what kind of employee will be suitable for this particular job, what skills that employee should have in himself/herself. The education and technical skills needed to do the particular job.Attracting the applicantsIt is one of the important steps in the recruitment. The success in upcoming can be determined by the attraction power of the organization which attracts the applicants to apply for a particular job in that organization. This attraction power is totally dependent on the recruitment sources adopted by the organization.SELECTIONWhen the required number of applicants applies for the particular job, then the process of the selection of the right candidate begins. The selection process ensures that the best suitable candidates in terms of skills, education and run through should be chosen for the particular job. The selections main goal is to match the job requirements with the persons individual characteristics. The candidates selected in the selection process should be confident enough to satiate the goals of the organization.Selection MethodSelection method is the p ositive elimination process, which eliminates the candidates who are not suitable and eligible for the particular job. It core the job requirement does not match with individuals characteristics. This method should be designed to gather all the information about the candidates. The candidate is declared to be selected only if he/she qualifies all the steps involved in the selection process. It can be fatal for the organization if it chooses the wrong candidate for the particular job. The wrong selection attracts the increase in expenses, wastage of the time of organization. To avoid such agency the well planned process should be designed.The reception of the applicants, the different departments inform the human resource departments about vacancies to be fill up in their department and inform them about the skills needed by the candidates to apply for these vacancies. When the department receives the applications from the candidates, then the process of selection is started.Preli minary/First Round Screening,In this step, the instant assessments of the applicants capabilities are judged by the human resource department employees. Here the candidates who do not meet the requirements of the job description are eliminated in this step. This is the candidates commencement exercise interaction with the company. This step reduces the time of the selection process as the unsuitable candidates are shunted out in this and only eligible candidates are qualified for the near process. These interviews are of short durations. The human resources executives execute these interviews. Here the interviewers get the desired application forms filled from the candidates. This steps works on the mechanism of the filter, here the capable candidates are kept and rest is shunted out.Application Blank,The qualified candidates of the first steps enters the second step, here the candidates properly fill up the formal applications, these applications forms are curiously made by the human resource executives to get the proper information about the candidates. The following fields are pre move in the application forms designation information such as gender, name, fathers name, marital status, number of dependents, weight, height etc.Educational qualifications e.g., schooling, colleges, graduation, post graduation details, languages proficiency etc.Professional Experience.Status of health.Achievements and awardsReferencespsychological factors e.g., salary expectation, previous job leaving reasons etc.Tests for the selectionThe tests for the selection are designed to get the quotient level of the candidates which cannot be assessed from the application forms. Some to tests for the selection are as follows-Intelligence tests. An cognition test explores alertness, comprehension and reasoning abilities of the applicants. Through these tests, managers can predict the future job performance of the applicant. Questions in intelligence tests are job-oriented, and abstr act.Personality tests. These tests measure certain characteristics such as emotional maturity, sentiments, conflicts, ascendance, social ability, objectivity etc of a candidate. Whether a candidate is having a sick character or healthy personality can be determined by these tests.Aptitude tests. It is very important to know as to whether the selected candidate will be capable of learning the job or not. Tests designed to measure the learning capacity of the candidates are known as aptitude tests. They measure whether an individual has the transcendental ability to learn a given job, if he is given adequate training.Performance or work sample tests. Such tests are a means of measuring practical ability on a specific job. In performance or work sample tests, the applicant completes some job act under structured conditions. For instance, a person who has applied for the post of a service representative may be asked to handle a stimulated situation involving a complaining customer. Al though they can be costly if special facilities and equipment are needed, performance tests, when devised to closely reflect important aspects of the job, tend to be valid predictors of future performance.Dexterity tests. These tests aim to measure the swiftness with which the prospective employer can make use of various body parts e.g., ability to move hands, eyes etc. Sometimes due to nature of job, these tests become essential.LimitationsTests cannot be relied upon in isolation. Many qualifications and abilities of the candidates can be known at the time of interview or training.It is not possible to predict the success of the candidate on the basis of such tests.Tests have also a high margin of error through it is chiefly believed that the results are exact and accurate.Comprehensive Interview, A comprehensive interview or an in-depth interview is most delicate aspect of the selection procedure. The information about the candidate which cannot obtained from the application blan k, tests and group discussion, may be secured easily if the interview is planned well in advance and is conducted by the interviewer tactfully.Checking References, An applicant may be asked in the application blank to supply two or more referencesCharacteristic reference b) Experience Reference.These references provide information regarding the behaviour of the applicant. A notable bound of the method is that it lacks standardisation and objectivity. It is natural in case of character reference to give names of references of only those persons who would always write favourably for the applicant. It is very exalted to get a frank opinion about the candidate. The other sources to get information about the candidate are professors from whom candidate has studied, colleagues with whom candidate had worked. References may be checked by mail, telephone or a personal visit may be arranged.Approval by the Concerned Department, The candidate is then sent to the line manager for the approva l. The personnel department cannot take a final decision regarding selection because the candidate has to actually work under the line managers who are directly responsible for the results of an organisation. At this stage, it is not in the interest of the company to reject the candidate. Instead he may be sent to some other departments.Physical Examination, Only those candidates should be selected who are physically fit. It may not be the last step in the selection process if physical as well as mental fitness is of utmost importance. Physical examinations are designed to ensure that the candidate can perform effectively in the position for which he or she is applying to protect other employees against contagious diseases, to establish a health record for the applicant and to protect the organization against unjust compensation claims. do the Selection, The applicants who qualify in the selection test, interview, reference check and physical examination are now considered to be eli gible to receive an offer of employment. Usually an betrothal is made on probation in the beginning. The probation period may range from two months to two years. If the work and conduct of the employee is found satisfactory, he may be confirmed. It is also in the interest of the organization to prepare a waiting list and inform the candidates, in case a person does not join subsequently being selected, the next person on the waiting list may be called.METHODOLOGYRe face in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. The advanced learners dictionary of current English lays down the meaning of research as a careful investigation of enquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge. interrogation DesignA research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of info in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. JOHN.W.BESTResearch may be defined as any organized interrogation desig ned and carried out to provide information for solving a problem. EMORYResearch is essentially an investigation, a recording and an analysis of evidence for the purpose of gaining knowledge. ROBERT ROSSDescriptive Research DesignDescriptive research design studies are those studies, which are concerned with describing the character of a group.The researcher makes a plan of the study his research work. That will enable the researcher to save and resources such a plan of study or blue print or study is called a research design. entropy CollectionThe study was based on questionnaire method. The study was about the Recruitment and Selection System at Tata Teleservices Ltd. and find out the effectiveness of recruitment.There are two types of data collectionPrimary dataSecondary dataPrimary dataThe primary data are those, which are collected a fresh and for the first time happen to be original in character. It has been collected through a Questionnaire and personal interview.Secondary d ataSecondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have already been passed through the stratified process. It has collected through the manuals, journals Internet.CONCLUSIONThe Recruitment and Selection Process is one of the basic HR processes. Recruitment Selection is very sensitive as many managers have a need to hire a new employee and this process is always under a strict monitoring from their side.HR management is a part of every managers responsibilities. These responsibilities include placing the right person in the right job, and then orienting, training, and compensating to improve his or her job performance.Tata Teleservices uses two sources of recruitment internal and external source. But they prefer internal source because it gives prospect to employees within the organization. After recruitment Selection process takes place. This entails establishing the best fit between job requirements and the candidates profile. Selection pro cess includes screening, interview and various tests. Then offer is made to the candidate if he/she accepts it employee undergone through various pre- employment activities like reference check, medical tests, etc.It is imperative to have an efficient and responsive introduce mechanism to evaluate the impact of recruitment on the topline and bottomline. Metrics not only help in evaluating the robustness of internal processes but also provide inputs on customer satisfaction and vendor evaluation parameters. Various metrics like quality metrics, time metrics, cost metrics Review process is utilize to find out the effectiveness of recruitment processes.TIMESCALE FOR DISSERTATIONTaskStart DateEnd DateTitle, aim, objectivesDoneDoneLiterature ReviewQuestionnaire grooming Distribution, interviewsData CollectionData AnalysisConclusionReferences

The effects of smoking in the human body

The effects of ingest in the human bodyHazardous Effects of Smoking on the Human HealthSince newfangled people live and eat satisfactorily, they began to concern themselves to a greater extent about their health. These days we frequently can see many another(prenominal) male adults who are smoking. Moreover, the smoking outrank of teenagers and women has lately been seduceting higher thus, the problem becomes very flagitious. Although people know that smoking is bad and harmful, they seem difficult to quit smoking. People might non fully know negative effects of smoking. They must attempt to learn how horribly undermine their health while they are smoking. Once they understand the serious relation between smoking and its effects, then they would be more determined and easier to quit smoking with obtained knowledge for preventing smoking. Then what does smoking actually cause on human health, and how seriously appalling are its effects? Smoking causes various sicknesss such a s chronic bronchitis and various kinds of cancer lung cancer, larynx cancer, cancer of the esophagus, and so on Tobacco, which people smoke, is a toxic substance, and a main ingredient that causes the toxic is nicotine. This nicotine has a medical action which is similar to toxic substance such as a narcotic. When it is the first time to smoke or when a smoker smokes a destiny, it gives various symptoms such as vomiting, giddiness, headaches, etc. by nicotine. Nicotine is very roughshod therefore, if a humans body absorbs too much nicotine in their blood at once, most of the people die. The most important medical action of nicotine is a mental effect. Nicotine makes smokers feel a spirit of mental stability and gives a sedative effect that helps to relieve the tension. Most of all, these medical actions of nicotine cause a clothes which makes people smoke continually. The smoke of baccy includes carbon monoxide therefore, smokers could be in hypoxia, because the use position of oxygen by smokers is much lower than the use rate of oxygen by nonsmokers. Smoking makes smokers feel headache, dizziness, and fatigue, makes eyes get flickering, gives a sense of vomiting, makes the heart beat faster, gives an oppressive feeling of the breast, and makes a smoker get down difficulty in breathing, and even a state of stupor follows. If these states get worse, it gives a state of unconsciousness and finally makes people die. Smoking does not except give people these states, but it as well causes various diseases coronary heart disease, lung cancer, esophageal carcinoma, oral cancer, laryngeal cancer, kidney cancer, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, et cetera. There is withal the addiction of nicotine in tobacco. According to the Department of Health and Human Services in the United States, Cigarettes and other forms of tobacco are addicting. Nicotine is the drug in tobacco that causes addiction. The pharmacologic and behavioral processes that determine tobacco addiction are similar to those that determine addiction to drugs such as heroin and cocaine. It is obviously true that many smokers are having trouble quitting smoking even though many campaigns for smokers health are still going on. Only the reason why a lot of smokers keep smoking with the determination for quitting smoking is because nicotine gets their bodies addicted to smoking. As long as smokers are exposed to the addiction of nicotine, they would need more cigarettes to suffice for their zest to smoking. However, people discovered that many of these toxic substances could be useful for medicinal purposes and also gave pleasure when consumed. The modern neuro-physiology has proven that nicotine is more effective when exhortd into the lungs. The smoke is round the bend enough to be inhaled deeply into the alveoli of the lungs from where it is rapidly absorbed. In addition, it takes about seven seconds for nicotine to be absorbed by dint of the lungs to re ach the brain. On the other hand, it takes 14 seconds for nicotine to run from the arm to brain after an intravenous injection. Nicotine could unlock and combine with receptors throughout the body, thus it could activate other neurotransmitters, namely serotonine and dopamine. The small doses of nicotine could result to a sense of well-being while large doses may cause depression and overdoses may kill. Nicotine is highly addictive, as explained by West and Grunberg (as cited in Goodman, 1993), tobacco smoking could get regular and compulsive and the withdrawal syndrome usually accompanies tobacco abstinence. During the 1990s, the US Surgeon General reported that smoking represents the most extensively documented cause of disease ever investigated in the history of biomedical research (as cited in Goodman, 1993, p. 242). Passive smokers or second hand smokers are also affected since they also inhale the smoke. There are several studies linking human genes to nicotine addiction lik e the the Swedish and Finnish twin registries (Kaprio, Koskenvuo, Sarna, 1981) that support the conclusion of a significant contribution of genetic effects to smoking. Genes are the basic biological units of heredity and the segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) needed to contribute to a function. To make new proteins, the living cell uses the genetic enroll of the macromolecule DNA, which stores all the information about the sequence of amino acids in the cells proteins. The identity and position of each amino acid in the protein chain is coded by nucleotides on the DNA, called codons. Among the numerous neurochemical effects of nicotine is its initial action on the nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Nicotine produces an increase in the rate of release and turnover of acetylcholine and catecholamines. It has been hypothesized that nicotine enhances the experience of pleasure through its effects on the dopaminergic system, while its ability to reduce anxiety and tension is media ted through stimulation of ACTH and cortisol nicotines ability to enhance trade union movement performance may be due principally to its action on the cholinergic and noradrenergic pathways (Pomerleau Pomerleau, 1984). This only shows that it is possible that gene variants play a role in receptor functioning in one or more of the systems on which nicotine exerts an effect. In a research conducted by Tapper, et al. (as cited in Secko,2005), they discovered that a alteration in the 4 nAChR subunit lowers the threshold of nicotine dependence in mice (p. 175). The same article implicates that 4 and 2 nAChR subunits could affect nicotine dependence. One of the disadvantages of the relationship of gene class and nicotine addiction is the heterogeneity of human beings. Thus, genetic make-up of every human is different from each other. Also, the genetic influences on different stages of smoking may also not be identical. Thus, researchers have to study well-defined subgroups of smokers w ith clearly characterized phenotypes to avoid problems of population stratification. The advantages of the new findings regarding the relationship of gene variance and nicotine addiction is that as more genetic variations are discovered that are associated with the addiction, the medical field would be able to better understand how to prevent and treat human addictive disorders. The insights on genetic variance could contribute to more effective strategies to reduce smoking. Moreover, since there is no single medication that is likely to be safe and efficacious for a majority of persons with nicotine dependence, it will be useful to develop genetics-based methods and other tools to predict therapeutic response in subgroups of nicotine-dependent persons. Female smokers do harm to embryonic health, and smokers cause nonsmokers to inhale indirect smoking, which causes damage similar to smoking, by breathing in the smoke made by smokers. In addition, teenage smoking is very bad, because smoking is more harmful for teenagers, and starting smoking at teenage makes it easier to fall deeper into toxic symptoms of nicotine. Teenage smoking is connected to juvenile delinquency and also is causing serious effects to emotional and social problems. The problem of smoking is this serious however, as the time goes, the population increases, and as the population increases, the smoking quantity increases. In order to solve this problem, there is one method always suggested people must stop smoking for themselves and others. Smokers have to know the reason why they smoke, so they could take on other habits or other work instead of smoking.ReferencesGoodman, J. (1993). Tobacco in History The Cultures of Dependence. London and New York Routledge.Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Sarna S. (1981). Cigarette smoking, use of alcohol, and untenanted time physical activity among same-sexed adult male twins. In L. Gedda, P. Parise, W. E. Nance (Eds.), Twin Research 3 Part C, Epidemiological and Clinical Studies (pp. 37-46). New York Liss.McGee, H. (1986) On Food and Cooking. The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. London HarperCollins.Pomerleau, O. F. Pomerleau C. S. (1984). Neuroregulators and the reinforcement of smoking towards a biobehavioral explanation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 8, 503-513.Secko, D. (2005). Craving nicotine Its in the genes. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 172 (2), 175-176.

Just :: essays research papers

At the beginning of this semester, we looked at liberty, privacy and freedom of speech. I found this section quite interesting, especially since unlike first semester it applied flat to my life. Freedom of speech was a particularly interesting topic to me, because I couldnt work out my opinion on it. When I thought about the switch off in purely philosophical terms, I thought that there should be unrestricted freedom of speech and that censorship should be kept to a minimum. barely when I thought about the issue in relation to the authentic world, I wasnt so received. This is one of the frustrating things about philosophy - what appears to be philosophically sound in my mind turns out quite differently when applied to the real world. I theorize it is in finding a balance that the real difficulty lies. Throughout the course of the first essay, I found myself arguing views that I hadnt thought I believed in - and even now Im not sure if I do. I think sometimes what works philoso phically still cant apply to the real world for considerations that shouldnt have to have a bearing on the issue but do anyway. In the issue of freedom of speech, I found that philosophically hate-speech doesnt cause any significant harm. But when I think about it in the context of the outside world, I firmly believe that it does. This discrepancy is confusing to me.The unit we studied on eyewitness evidence I found to be rather dry - I couldnt really relate to a whole lot of legal stuff. When it was put in the context of the real-life fuck up victim I found it much more accessible. The essay topic that I chose seemed again rather dull, although it raised interesting side-issues, like the nature of our connection. I tried to think why science was regarded as the best way we have to gain knowledge, and came up with a rather dismay view of society - that it was matter oriented, money oriented, concerned with facts and figures, things that were able to be thought of in terms of quan tities. And that we tended to ignore the abstract, the indefinable, the unexplainable. This is why I find philosophy occasionally depressing - it forces me to look at the world in which I live, and not like what I see. And yet it is simultaneously liberating because I can see that through canvas philosophy, I can look at those other aspects and move beyond what society thinks.

Essay --

Film CriticExtremely Loud and Incredibly CloseJust wish intumesce most well received novels Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close has its own film adaptation by Stephen Daldry. It is just as impressive as the book itself, keeping the main billline which is the best a film adaptation should do but in the other hand it has some changes that argon very hard to go unnoticed.The cast is probably the main reason for the great result of the film. For the main roles Daldry went for award-winning actors such as Sandra Bullock, Tom Hanks and soap von Sydow who couldnt have done a greater job at playing their characters. Sandra as Linda Schell played very well the distance Oskar feels she has to him, as well as the difficulty we can see in the book that shes going through. Also Tom Hanks, who perfectly fit the image of an intelligent piece who chose his family and family business over a more appropriate education for his level. However the big star is of course Thomas Horn who played the par t of Oskar Schell. The clever young actors performance simply unbelievable, it is hard to believe how easily he played such a dramatic story. The screenwriters did a intelligent choice maintaining the storyline Oskar finds the key in his fathers closet in an envelope which has Black written on it, inside a sad vase and desperately starts an expedition in NYC to find the lock that fits the key. So far so good, however the three-narrators perspective we have in the book thats gives the story an exciting dynamic, is completely ignored and we have Oskar as the only narrator of the story. The movie is told from Oskars point of view but it still is very piteous in what refers to his longs internal monologues that are seen in the book. Another point that has been igno... ... on his emotional response, combined with the same melancholic music every time. However, the melancholy of the vociferation would always change into violent, loud, confusing notes whenever Oskar was outside on th e streets facing his fears. Here the use of various points of views from Oskars perspective was explored. Extreme close ups on objects worry screws were often used to demonstrate Oskars panic. Although all the changes which are necessary but still bothers the readers of the original work, the film contained the same melancholy and excitement in the story. We learn in both works that the number of people who leave is high, but the one who stay is even higher and everyone has their own story and tribulation to share. The filmic adaptation intensifies the literary work, and both of them can be studied and compared side by side and still have their own particular charm.